{ "schemaVersion": 1, "language": "zh-cn", "title": "运动医学词典", "terms": [ { "slug": "anterior-cruciate-ligament", "englishName": "Anterior cruciate ligament", "abbreviation": "ACL", "category": "anatomy", "categoryLabel": "解剖结构", "name": "前交叉韧带", "aliases": [ "前十字韧带", "ACL", "膝前交叉韧带" ], "definition": "前交叉韧带是位于膝关节腔中央、连接股骨外侧髁与胫骨髁间隆起的强韧纤维索，主要功能是限制胫骨过度前移并协同维持膝关节的旋转动态稳定。", "clinical": "前交叉韧带断裂是高强运动中最常见的严重膝关节创伤之一。伤后常伴随关节腔急性积血与明显错动不稳。临床治疗需结合患者的关节不稳程度、年龄、运动诉求及是否合并半月板或软骨损伤，综合制定阶梯保守或关节镜下解剖重建手术方案。", "clarification": "能自主行走绝不代表韧带完好。前交叉韧带完全断裂后，患者直线行走时常无明显剧痛，但在急停、旋转或变向时会出现明显的“打软腿”和关节错动感；是否手术需评估关节动态稳定性与长期继发软骨磨损风险，不能单纯依据能否走路来判断。", "symptoms": [ "运动损伤瞬间膝关节内清脆的“砰”（Pop）声或撕裂感", "伤后 1-4 小时内迅速出现的膝关节剧烈张力性肿胀与关节腔积血", "行走、转身或下楼梯时突发“打软腿”、错位感与关节不可靠感", "急性期膝关节伸直或深屈曲活动度明显受限伴剧烈承重疼痛" ], "causes": [ "非接触性减速急停、突发变向或躯干旋转扭伤（占所有ACL损伤的70%以上）", "跳跃着地时膝关节处于外翻（Knee Valgus）且足部固定的动态失稳姿态", "膝关节过度过伸外力或来自侧方的直接暴力冲撞" ], "diagnostics": [ "专科体格检查：Lachman 试验（前向位移最敏感体征）、前抽屉试验（Anterior Drawer Test）与轴移试验（Pivot-Shift Test）", "高场强膝关节 3.0T MRI：明确韧带断裂程度（完全撕裂 vs 部分损伤）及撕脱部位", "X 线平片：排查胫骨髁间隆突撕脱骨折或外侧副韧带区域 Segond 骨折" ], "treatments": [ "治疗按功能不稳、合并损伤及运动需求选择。功能稳定者可尝试结构化康复，反复不稳或高需求运动者可讨论重建；年龄不能单独决定治疗。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "康复适用范围与进阶", "description": "前交叉韧带重建后：早期控制肿胀、恢复伸直及股四头肌控制；负重和支具依合并修复情况调整。跑步及变向训练需通过症状、肌力和动作评估；复赛还需考虑移植物愈合、心理准备和专项负荷，单凭 LSI 达标不足以放行。" } ], "redFlags": [ "伤后膝关节极度膨胀紧绷且剧痛难忍，浮髌试验强阳性（提示关节腔大量积血需专科评估）", "膝关节完全卡死交锁无法自主伸直（警惕合并大块桶柄状半月板撕裂卡入髁间窝）", "小腿或足部出现皮肤苍白、冰凉、麻木或足背动脉搏动减弱（必须急诊排除腘血管与腓总神经损伤）" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-04", "sources": [ { "title": "Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injuries", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/anterior-cruciate-ligament-acl-injuries/" }, { "title": "ACL Tear: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment", "organization": "Cleveland Clinic", "url": "https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16576-acl-tear" }, { "title": "Aspetar clinical practice guideline on rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction", "organization": "British Journal of Sports Medicine (BJSM)", "url": "https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/57/9/500" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/anterior-cruciate-ligament/", "relatedTerms": [ "meniscus", "proprioception", "arthroscopy", "articular-cartilage" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "acl-need-surgery", "acl-can-walk", "acl-pop-sound", "acl-rapid-swelling", "acl-return-to-contact-sport" ] }, { "slug": "meniscus", "englishName": "Meniscus", "category": "anatomy", "categoryLabel": "解剖结构", "name": "半月板", "aliases": [ "内侧半月板", "外侧半月板", "膝半月板" ], "definition": "半月板是位于膝关节股骨髁与胫骨平台之间的两块月牙形纤维软骨垫（分为内侧与外侧半月板），主要承担传导负荷、吸收冲击震荡、润滑关节并辅助膝关节动态稳定的生理功能。", "clinical": "半月板损伤分为年轻人运动性旋转扭伤和中老年人退行性撕裂。临床评估需综合考虑撕裂形态（纵向、放射状、水平、桶柄状、根部撕裂）、血供分区（红区、红白区、白区）及机械症状。现代运动医学倡导“能缝必缝，最大化保全半月板”的保膝理念，以延缓关节软骨退化。", "clarification": "半月板是纤维软骨垫，与骨端表面的透明关节软骨结构不同；MRI 报告提示“半月板变性或撕裂”并不等同于必须手术切除。中老年无明显卡锁症状的退变性撕裂，首选正规阶梯保守康复；年轻急性撕裂或伴有关节交锁者则应尽早评估缝合修复。", "symptoms": [ "膝关节内侧或外侧关节间隙明确的固定压痛与旋转时刺痛", "膝关节突发弹响、绞锁（“卡住”无法伸直或屈曲）", "运动或长时间行走后反复出现的轻至中度关节肿胀与滑膜积液", "上下楼梯、深度下蹲或盘腿坐时膝关节酸痛无力、发软" ], "causes": [ "运动急性创伤：屈膝承重状态下的剧烈旋转或急停扭转（常合并前交叉韧带断裂）", "退行性磨损：随着年龄增长，纤维软骨弹性下降，在日常频繁深蹲、上下楼或轻微扭转中发生退行性撕裂", "先天性盘状半月板畸形：外侧半月板异常肥厚，质地较脆，极易在轻微外力下拉伤或撕裂" ], "diagnostics": [ "病史、关节间隙压痛及专科试验用于初步评估；MRI 帮助判断撕裂形态和合并损伤。X 线用于评估骨或关节退变，下肢全长片按力线评估需要选择；不要求所有患者使用 3.0T MRI。" ], "treatments": [ "阶梯保守治疗：针对退行性撕裂、无机械交锁的小撕裂，采用负荷调控、消炎镇痛及下肢力线肌力训练", "关节镜下半月板缝合修复术（Meniscal Repair）：针对红区或红白区血供良好撕裂（如桶柄状、纵形、根部撕裂）的首选保膝术式", "关节镜下半月板部分切除成形术（Partial Meniscectomy）：仅针对无修复条件的严重碎裂或白区复杂撕裂，切除失活边缘并修整光滑" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "康复适用范围与进阶", "description": "半月板缝合、根部修复和部分切除的负重及屈膝限制不同。先按术式保护修复组织，再恢复步态和肌力；跑跳及变向须经症状、愈合和功能评估后逐步增加。" } ], "redFlags": [ "膝关节真正交锁、无法伸直时应尽快就诊，避免强行扳动；是否需要手术由专科评估。明显红热肿胀、发热或伤后不能负重也需及时评估。" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-04", "sources": [ { "title": "Meniscus Tears: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/meniscus-tears/" }, { "title": "Torn Meniscus: Clinical Presentation and Management", "organization": "Mayo Clinic", "url": "https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/torn-meniscus/symptoms-causes/syc-20354818" }, { "title": "Surgical Repair vs. Meniscectomy for Meniscal Tears: Clinical Guidelines", "organization": "Cleveland Clinic", "url": "https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17219-torn-meniscus" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/meniscus/", "relatedTerms": [ "articular-cartilage", "anterior-cruciate-ligament", "arthroscopy" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "meniscus-repair-vs-meniscectomy", "asymptomatic-meniscus-mri", "meniscus-need-surgery", "locked-knee-meniscus" ] }, { "slug": "rotator-cuff", "englishName": "Rotator cuff", "category": "anatomy", "categoryLabel": "解剖结构", "name": "肩袖", "aliases": [ "旋转袖", "肩部肌腱套", "Rotator Cuff" ], "definition": "肩袖是由冈上肌、冈下肌、小圆肌和肩胛下肌四块深层肌肉及其腱性组织汇合包绕肱骨头所构成的动力性复合结构，核心功能是将肱骨头紧扣于肩胛盂窝内（凹面加压机制），协同三角肌完成手臂外展与多方向旋转。", "clinical": "肩袖疾患涵盖肩峰下撞击、肌腱病变、部分撕裂至全层巨大撕裂。典型表现为夜间痛与抬臂无力。临床治疗决策取决于撕裂全层与否、断端回缩分度（Patte分级）、肌肉脂肪浸润程度（Goutallier分级）及患者年龄和活动水平，首选阶梯保守或关节镜下微创缝合修补。", "clarification": "肩痛可来自肩袖、关节囊、关节或颈部，不能凭夜间痛诊断。持续疼痛、外伤后无力或活动受限应先就诊，由查体结果决定是否进行超声、MRI 或其他检查；训练应避免明显加重症状的负荷。", "symptoms": [ "特征性夜间静息痛，侧卧压迫患侧肩膀时疼痛骤增，严重影响睡眠质量", "手臂外展上举在 60°-120° 弧度内出现明显钝痛（疼痛弧征，Painful Arc）", "穿衣、梳头、后背系扣或抬高物品时肩部深层酸胀与明显无力", "肩关节主动抬升活动度明显下降，并伴有粗糙摩擦感或骨擦音" ], "causes": [ "退行性磨损与慢性撞击：冈上肌腱在肩峰前下方狭窄间隙内反复摩擦挤压导致退变坏死", "过度使用与过顶负荷：羽毛球、网球、游泳、排球等运动中手臂高频过头挥拍旋转", "急性创伤拉伤：摔倒时手掌外展撑地冲击或单手突然提拉重物造成肌腱急性撕裂" ], "diagnostics": [ "专科体格检查：Neer 撞击试验、Hawkins-Kennedy 试验、Jobe 空罐试验（冈上肌）及外旋抗阻试验", "肩关节 3.0T 高分辨率 MRI：精确测定撕裂大小（小、中、大、巨大撕裂）、肌腱回缩及肌肉脂肪变性", "高频肌骨超声：动态实时观察冈上肌腱在肩峰下的滑动与全层中断情况" ], "treatments": [ "阶梯保守治疗：针对退行性部分撕裂或肌腱炎，给予抗炎消炎、肩胛骨姿态矫正与肩袖肌力训练", "关节镜下肩袖微创修补术（ARCR）：全层撕裂、伴有肌力丧失或保守无效患者的标准微创手术，使用带线锚钉精准复位固定", "反向人工全肩关节置换术（RSA）：针对高龄合并严重不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂及继发肩关节骨关节炎患者" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "康复适用范围与进阶", "description": "肩袖修补后的支具、被动和主动活动时机取决于撕裂大小、组织质量及固定情况。按团队方案从保护和活动度过渡到抗阻、过顶动作；保守治疗者采用相应的非手术康复方案。" } ], "redFlags": [ "外伤后突然无法抬臂需尽快评估撕裂、骨折或脱位；红热肿胀伴发热、肢体冰凉或进行性麻木无力需及时急诊评估。" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-04", "sources": [ { "title": "Rotator Cuff Tears", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/rotator-cuff-tears/" }, { "title": "Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy and Tears", "organization": "Cleveland Clinic", "url": "https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8291-rotator-cuff-tears" }, { "title": "Diagnosis and Management of Rotator Cuff Tears", "organization": "Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS)", "url": "https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_rotator-cuff-injuries.asp" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/rotator-cuff/", "relatedTerms": [ "glenoid-labrum", "tendinopathy", "arthroscopy" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "rotator-cuff-tear-need-surgery", "frozen-shoulder-vs-rotator-cuff", "night-shoulder-pain-rotator-cuff", "overhead-sport-shoulder-pain" ] }, { "slug": "glenoid-labrum", "englishName": "Glenoid labrum", "category": "anatomy", "categoryLabel": "解剖结构", "name": "肩关节盂唇", "aliases": [ "肩盂唇", "关节盂唇", "Glenoid Labrum" ], "definition": "肩关节盂唇是附着于肩胛盂骨性边缘的环形致密纤维软骨环，能加深肩盂窝深度达 50%，为关节囊韧带及肱二头肌长头腱提供牢固附着锚点，是维持肩关节静态与动态稳定的核心结构。", "clinical": "盂唇损伤主要分为两类：前方脱位引起的 Bankart 损伤（前下方撕脱导致习惯性脱位）以及投掷过顶损伤引起的 SLAP 损伤（上方盂唇自前向后撕脱累及二头肌腱止点）。年轻脱位患者常伴严重骨缺损，需评估行关节镜下 Bankart 修复或 Latarjet 骨阻挡手术。", "clarification": "盂唇与肩袖解剖位置与功能完全不同；盂唇是软骨环，肩袖是外层肌腱。中年以上人群影像上的轻度退行性盂唇信号改变多为生理退变，绝不代表必须做手术；单纯无不稳症状的 SLAP 损伤，首选针对肩胛骨运动障碍的康复治疗。", "symptoms": [ "过顶挥臂投掷发力瞬间肩关节深部剧烈刺痛或“死臂感”（Dead Arm Syndrome）", "特定旋转角度下肩关节内部明显的卡顿感、弹响或交锁", "手臂外展外旋时突发肩关节“松动错位感”与脱位恐惧感", "肩部深层钝痛伴投掷球速、击球力量显著下降" ], "causes": [ "急性创伤性脱位：暴力导致肩关节向前下方脱位，撕脱前下盂唇（Bankart 损伤）", "反复过顶牵拉微创伤：棒球投掷、排球扣杀或羽毛球杀球时二头肌腱根部反复过度扭转牵拉（SLAP 损伤）", "跌倒撑地传导暴力：手臂伸直外展着地，肱骨头对肩盂上方施加巨大挤压剪切力" ], "diagnostics": [ "专科物理检查：O'Brien 主动压迫试验（SLAP 损伤）、Apprehension 恐惧试验与 Relocation 复位试验（前向不稳）", "肩关节 MR 造影（MRA）或 3.0T MRI：高灵敏度鉴别盂唇撕脱、囊肿形成及二头肌腱根部剥离", "肩关节 3D-CT 重建：精确评估肩胛盂骨缺损百分比（判定是否需要骨性阻挡手术）" ], "treatments": [ "系统保守康复：针对 II 型以下 SLAP 损伤或单纯后向微不稳，强化肩袖与前锯肌协调性，纠正肩胛骨动力障碍", "关节镜下 Bankart 修复与 SLAP 修复术：年轻脱位患者或高水平过顶运动员的标准微创缝合锚定术式", "Latarjet 喙突移位骨阻挡手术：针对伴有严重肩胛盂骨缺损（> 15%-20%）或翻修性肩关节不稳患者" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "康复适用范围与进阶", "description": "Bankart、SLAP 修复及骨性稳定手术的限制不同，须按术式保护组织并逐步恢复活动度。随后强化肩袖与肩胛控制，经过稳定性、力量和专项动作评估再恢复投掷或对抗。" } ], "redFlags": [ "肩关节脱出无法自行复位（切勿盲目暴力自行扳拉，必须急诊就医在麻醉或镇痛下专业手法复位）", "伴随三角肌区域皮肤感觉麻木或上臂三角肌无力（提示合并腋神经损伤）", "日常翻身、穿衣等微小动作反复发生习惯性脱位" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-04", "sources": [ { "title": "SLAP Tears and Shoulder Labrum Injuries", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/slap-tears/" }, { "title": "Shoulder Labral Tears: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Arthroscopic Treatment", "organization": "Cleveland Clinic", "url": "https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21717-shoulder-labral-tear" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/glenoid-labrum/", "relatedTerms": [ "rotator-cuff", "articular-cartilage", "arthroscopy" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "shoulder-slap-tear-symptoms", "recurrent-shoulder-dislocation-surgery", "shoulder-clicking-need-mri", "shoulder-dislocation-self-reduction" ] }, { "slug": "articular-cartilage", "englishName": "Articular cartilage", "category": "anatomy", "categoryLabel": "解剖结构", "name": "关节软骨", "aliases": [ "透明关节软骨", "透明软骨", "Articular Cartilage" ], "definition": "关节软骨是覆盖在滑膜关节骨端表面的高特异性透明软骨层，厚度通常仅为 2-4 毫米，具有极低摩擦系数（比冰面接触还光滑）与优异的抗压弹性，能够平滑分散关节轴向与剪切负荷。", "clinical": "关节软骨无血管、无淋巴、无神经支配，主要依赖关节滑液渗透滋养，因而一旦损伤其自身内源性修复再生能力极弱。局灶性全层缺损若未及时干预，易恶化为广泛性骨关节炎。临床根据缺损面积、深度（ICRS分级）及位置，选择微骨折、骨软骨移植或软骨细胞移植等阶梯修复手段。", "clarification": "局部孤立的局灶性软骨缺损与全关节退变的老年性“骨关节炎”截然不同；针对年轻患者孤立软骨缺损的软骨修复技术（如 OATS、ACI/MACI），并不适用于广泛严重软骨剥脱的老年全关节磨损；此外目前尚无口服药物能让磨灭的透明软骨完全“重新长出”。", "symptoms": [ "运动或承重行走后关节深部隐痛、钝痛，并伴有关节发胀感", "关节活动时明显的骨与骨相互摩擦感或粗糙骨擦音（Crepitus）", "剧烈活动后反复出现的关节腔无菌性滑膜积液与轻度水肿", "软骨大块剥脱形成关节游离体时，可突发膝关节短暂卡死、绞锁" ], "causes": [ "急性高能创伤：运动中关节扭伤脱位或两骨端剧烈剪切碰撞引起局灶性软骨骨折（骨软骨骨折）", "继发性负荷异常：前交叉韧带断裂或半月板切除后关节力学失稳，导致局部软骨应力集中磨损", "剥脱性骨软骨炎（OCD）：青少年或年轻运动员骨下血供受损导致的局部骨与软骨缺血坏死剥脱" ], "diagnostics": [ "高分辨率软骨专用序列 3.0T MRI（如 T2-mapping、3D-FSPGR/TFE）：高灵敏度检测早期软骨基质退变、软骨全层裂隙及软骨下骨水肿", "负重位下肢全长 X 线片：精确评估机械力线（膝内外翻）对损伤软骨区的偏载应力", "诊断性关节镜探针探查：直接触探评估软骨质地软化、纤维化及缺损边缘稳定性（ICRS I-IV级金标准）" ], "treatments": [ "保守阶梯管理：减重、低冲击运动（游泳、踏车）、口服营养软骨制剂及 PRP / 透明质酸关节腔内注射抗炎微环境调控", "骨髓刺激技术（微骨折术 Microfracture）：针对小面积缺损（< 2 cm²），打通软骨下骨引入间充质干细胞形成纤维软骨修复", "先进软骨修复术（OATS 骨软骨移植 / MACI 自体软骨细胞植入术）：针对大面积年轻全层缺损（> 2-4 cm²），移植真正具有生理透明软骨性能的组织" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "康复适用范围与进阶", "description": "康复取决于缺损位置、大小及是否做软骨修复。术后负重和活动范围须遵从具体术式；逐步恢复力量和功能，影像改善不能单独作为重返运动依据。" } ], "redFlags": [ "关节内突发卡死绞锁伴剧烈刺痛（警惕大块剥脱软骨游离体嵌顿入关节间隙）", "关节极度肿胀发亮、皮温显著升高并伴有持续搏动性静息剧痛", "行走或站立完全不能负重" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-04", "sources": [ { "title": "Articular Cartilage Restoration Techniques and Guidelines", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/treatment/articular-cartilage-restoration/" }, { "title": "Cartilage Damage and Repair in the Athlete", "organization": "Mayo Clinic", "url": "https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cartilage-repair/about/pac-20384877" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/articular-cartilage/", "relatedTerms": [ "meniscus", "arthroscopy", "platelet-rich-plasma" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "articular-cartilage-self-healing", "cartilage-injury-surgical-repair-options", "black-phosphorus-clinical-use" ] }, { "slug": "tendinopathy", "englishName": "Tendinopathy", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "肌腱病", "aliases": [ "肌腱病变", "慢性肌腱炎", "肌腱末端病", "Tendinopathy" ], "definition": "肌腱病是以负荷相关肌腱疼痛和功能下降为主要特征的临床问题，可伴肌腱结构变化，其生物学过程涉及多种因素。", "clinical": "治疗以负荷管理和适合受累部位的渐进力量训练为基础。康复方案根据疼痛反应、功能和运动目标调整，附加治疗的效果随病种而异。", "clarification": "长期完全休息可能降低负荷耐受，但训练也需控制剂量。注射不能替代康复；糖皮质激素和 PRP 的获益与风险需按病种评估，避免把某一治疗推广到所有肌腱病。", "symptoms": [ "典型“热身现象”：早晨起床或刚开始运动时肌腱酸痛僵硬，轻度活动后有所减轻，但运动后数小时或次日晨起疼痛显著反弹加剧", "受累肌腱局部明确的局限性触痛、增粗膨大或可触及结节样变厚", "抗阻收缩或拉伸受累肌腱时诱发局部锐痛（如跟腱提踵痛、髌腱跳跃痛）", "爆发力输出下降，运动耐受时间与回弹弹性能量储备明显降低" ], "causes": [ "负荷管理失衡：训练量、负荷强度或跑跳频次短期内激增，超出肌腱胶原重塑阈值", "下肢动力链力学异常：肌肉力量薄弱、柔韧度不足或足踝力线异常导致肌腱受力过度集中", "代谢与年龄因素：随着年龄增长微血管退变，合并高血脂、糖尿病或使用喹诺酮类抗生素等风险因素" ], "diagnostics": [ "负荷诱发试验与专科触诊（如单腿离心提踵测试、单腿下蹲跳跃诱发测试）", "高频肌骨超声与彩色多普勒血流成像（CDFI）：检测肌腱增厚、低回声纤维撕脱及异常新生微血管长入（Neovascularization）", "高分辨率 MRI 检查：评估肌腱内部黏液变性信号强度及排除部分撕裂或附着点骨髓水肿" ], "treatments": [ "采用渐进抗阻训练并监测反应；持续症状者重新评估诊断和训练方案，再讨论冲击波、注射或手术等选择及证据局限。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "康复适用范围与进阶", "description": "根据受累肌腱和次日症状调整负荷，从可耐受的力量训练逐步增加抗阻，再恢复弹跳或专项动作。疼痛明显反弹时降低负荷并复评，训练剂量与进度需个体化。" } ], "redFlags": [ "运动中肌腱处突发“如被重物击中”的断裂声伴剧烈剧痛与力量完全丧失（提示肌腱急性完全断裂，需紧急就医）", "局部可触摸到明显的肌腱凹陷或大面积皮下淤血斑", "无法自主完成单腿踮脚站立" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-09", "sources": [ { "title": "Tendinopathy: Clinical Overview, Pathophysiology & Management", "organization": "Cleveland Clinic", "url": "https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22289-tendinopathy" }, { "title": "Revisiting the continuum model of tendon pathology: what is its merit in clinical practice and research?", "organization": "British Journal of Sports Medicine (BJSM)", "url": "https://researchmgt.monash.edu/ws/portalfiles/portal/299136036/80606387_oa.pdf" }, { "title": "Achilles Tendinopathy and Tendon Overload Injuries", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/achilles-tendinitis/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/tendinopathy/", "relatedTerms": [ "rotator-cuff", "platelet-rich-plasma", "articular-cartilage" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "chronic-tendinopathy-rest-or-strength-training", "achilles-tendinopathy-vs-rupture", "jumper-knee-patellar-tendinopathy", "tennis-elbow-without-tennis" ] }, { "slug": "stress-fracture", "englishName": "Stress fracture", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "应力性骨折", "aliases": [ "疲劳性骨折", "骨应力性损伤", "Stress Fracture" ], "definition": "应力性骨折是在长期反复亚极量机械应力作用下，骨组织的微创伤累积速率超过了骨改建与自我修复速率，所导致的骨皮质微细骨裂或完全性骨断裂，常见于下肢跑跳负重骨（胫骨、跖骨、股骨颈、足舟骨）。", "clinical": "应力性骨折属于骨应力损伤（BSI）的严重阶段。临床上必须高度区分“低风险部位”（如胫骨后内侧皮质、第2/3跖骨，通常保守制动愈合良好）与“高风险部位”（如股骨颈张力侧、胫骨前皮质、第5跖骨基底 Jones 骨折、足舟骨，极易发生不愈合、骨坏死或完全移位），高风险部位需严格免负重或尽早微创内固定。", "clarification": "初期 X 光片“未见异常”绝不能排除应力性骨折！在骨折发生后的前 2-3 周内，X 光假阴性率高达 50%-70%，此时 3.0T MRI 是捕捉骨髓水肿的金标准；此外疼痛缓解绝不等于骨质结构愈合，过早恢复跑跳冲击极易造成骨折完全断裂移位。", "symptoms": [ "骨骼受力部位明确的“单指局限性剧烈压痛”，触痛边界极为清晰", "运动负重、跑步或跳跃时疼痛进行性加重，后期甚至在平静站立、走路或夜间静息时也持续隐痛", "病灶骨面局部可见微小局限性软组织凹陷性水肿或骨膜隆起硬结", "无法单腿完成无痛跳跃（单腿跳跃着地诱发深部骨痛）" ], "causes": [ "运动负荷与冲击激增：跑步里程突然增加、高强度跳跃频次过密或转换到过硬场地训练", "相对能量缺乏综合征（REDs）：热量摄入不足、低骨密度、月经失调（女性运动员三联征）及维生素 D 缺乏", "足踝生物力学异常：扁平足、高弓足或下肢肌力疲劳导致骨骼直接吸收过量地面反作用力" ], "diagnostics": [ "体格检查：单指骨压痛测试、支点试验（Fulcrum test 检查股骨应力性骨折）及音叉震动叩击试验", "早期首选 3.0T MRI 检查：高灵敏度鉴别骨应力损伤（Fredericson 分级 1-4 级）及骨折线", "高分辨率骨 CT / 阶段性 X 光复查：观察骨皮质裂隙、透亮线及骨痂愈合硬化情况" ], "treatments": [ "根据部位、骨折形态和风险制定减负重、保护或手术方案。评估能量摄入、骨健康及相关危险因素，营养补充按缺乏情况决定；不常规自行使用活性维生素 D。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "康复适用范围与进阶", "description": "先根据骨折部位和风险控制负重及冲击，纠正能量摄入不足等因素。经医生确认愈合进展和负重耐受后，再循序恢复走跑；高风险部位可能需要更严格保护及影像复查。" } ], "redFlags": [ "腹股沟深部或臀部承重剧痛伴明显跛行（必须紧急急诊排查股骨颈张力侧应力性骨折，防范骨折移位与股骨头坏死）", "小腿前侧骨皮质出现横行黑线伴局部凹陷（提示胫骨前张力侧骨折不愈合高危征象）", "夜间骨骼深部搏动性静息剧痛且进行性加重" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-09", "sources": [ { "title": "Stress Fractures: Clinical Diagnosis, Treatment & Return to Sport", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/stress-fractures/" }, { "title": "Stress Fractures Overview & High-Risk Management", "organization": "Cleveland Clinic", "url": "https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15841-stress-fractures" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/stress-fracture/", "relatedTerms": [ "tendinopathy", "proprioception" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "stress-fracture-normal-xray", "shin-splints-vs-stress-fracture", "relative-energy-deficiency-in-sport-red-s" ] }, { "slug": "arthroscopy", "englishName": "Arthroscopy", "category": "treatment", "categoryLabel": "检查与治疗", "name": "关节镜", "aliases": [ "关节镜手术", "关节镜微创技术", "微创关节镜", "Arthroscopy" ], "definition": "关节镜是一种通过 2-4 个仅 0.5 厘米的微小皮肤切口，将高分辨率棒状光学透镜与微型冷光源摄像系统置入关节腔内，在高清监视器下进行腔内结构全景放大探查，并利用专用微型动力与缝合器械实施精准微创治疗的现代外科技术。", "clinical": "关节镜已成为运动医学诊断与治疗的核心支柱，广泛应用于膝、肩、髋、踝、肘及腕关节。其能在最大程度保护周围正常肌肉软组织的同时，完成前交叉韧带解剖重建、半月板与肩袖高张力缝合、髋臼撞击（FAI）骨赘成形磨削及软骨微创修复，具有创伤极小、感染率低及康复启动快等显著优势。", "clarification": "“切口小”绝不代表“内部创伤轻或无需康复”！皮肤表面微创切口仅需数天即可闭合，但关节腔内部重建的肌腱、缝合的半月板或修补的软骨，其生物学愈合通常需要 6-12 周甚至更长时间；术后必须严格遵医嘱佩戴支具并进行分阶段专业康复训练，不能盲目提前剧烈运动。", "symptoms": [ "用于评估和治疗关节内持续顽固性疼痛、反复肿胀积液或活动受限", "用于解决关节内机械性交锁、弹响、卡阻或突发打软腿不稳" ], "causes": [ "关节内韧带断裂或松弛（前/后交叉韧带断裂、侧副韧带损伤）", "关节内软骨与纤维软骨撕脱破裂（半月板撕裂、肩关节盂唇撕裂、髋关节盂唇损伤）", "关节骨性撞击综合征（肩峰下撞击、髋臼股骨撞击症 FAI、踝关节撞击）及关节内游离体" ], "diagnostics": [ "术前高分辨率 3.0T MRI 与 3D-CT：精确定位病灶位置与设计微创入路通道", "术中关节镜探针动态触探（Diagnostic Probing）：在肉眼高清放大下直接评估软骨硬度、半月板张力及韧带张力（关节内诊断“金标准”）" ], "treatments": [ "微创半月板/肩袖缝合修补术：采用全内缝合器（All-Inside）与可吸收强力生物锚钉牢固固定", "关节镜下韧带解剖重建术：精准钻取骨道并利用自体或异体肌腱进行解剖重建", "骨赘磨削成形与滑膜刨削术：使用微型高速打磨钻消除骨性撞击并清除炎症滑膜组织" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "康复适用范围与进阶", "description": "关节镜后的康复由实际处理的组织和术式决定。伤口护理、血栓预防、支具、负重和活动限制均需个体化；依愈合、症状和功能逐步恢复工作与运动。" } ], "redFlags": [ "术后患侧小腿剧烈肿胀胀痛、腓肠肌深压痛（必须急诊行血管超声排除下肢深静脉血栓 DVT）", "伤口周围持续红肿热痛、伴有脓性分泌物渗出或体温超过 38.5℃（警惕化脓性关节炎感染）", "术后肢体远端突发进行性麻木或足部下垂无法背伸（需排查神经受压）" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-09", "sources": [ { "title": "Arthroscopy: Minimal Access Joint Surgery and Diagnostic Principles", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/treatment/arthroscopy/" }, { "title": "Arthroscopy: Purpose, Procedure & Recovery Guidelines", "organization": "Mayo Clinic", "url": "https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/arthroscopy/about/pac-20392974" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/arthroscopy/", "relatedTerms": [ "meniscus", "rotator-cuff", "articular-cartilage", "anterior-cruciate-ligament" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "meniscus-repair-vs-meniscectomy", "rotator-cuff-tear-need-surgery", "hip-labral-tear-arthroscopy" ] }, { "slug": "platelet-rich-plasma", "englishName": "Platelet-rich plasma", "abbreviation": "PRP", "category": "treatment", "categoryLabel": "检查与治疗", "name": "富血小板血浆", "aliases": [ "PRP", "自体富血小板血浆", "高浓度血小板血浆", "Platelet-Rich Plasma" ], "definition": "富血小板血浆（PRP）是将自体血液离心处理后得到的血小板浓缩制品，成分和浓度因制备方法而异。", "clinical": "部分膝骨关节炎和肌腱病研究提示可能缓解症状，但疗效随病种、制剂及研究而异。跟腱病、髌腱病和急性肌肉损伤的获益仍有不确定性，应与其他治疗比较后共同决策。", "clarification": "PRP 不含干细胞治疗所需的细胞制品，不能保证软骨再生。使用自体血液可降低部分风险，但注射仍可能引起感染、出血、疼痛或组织损伤。", "symptoms": [ "经评估后，部分膝骨关节炎或慢性肌腱病患者可讨论是否使用。" ], "causes": [ "使用依据是具体疾病、既往治疗反应和患者目标；适应证需个体评估。" ], "diagnostics": [ "先确认诊断并评估用药、出血和感染风险；影像及超声引导按部位和临床需要选择。" ], "treatments": [ "说明预期获益、局限和替代治疗后，再决定是否注射；制剂类型、次数及间隔没有适用于所有疾病的统一方案。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "康复适用范围与进阶", "description": "注射后根据局部反应和原有疾病短期调整活动，再逐步恢复负荷。镇痛药及抗炎药的使用与停用应由医生结合适应证决定，勿自行停用处方药；持续加重的疼痛需复诊。" } ], "redFlags": [ "注射后红肿热痛持续加重、脓性渗出、发热或进行性麻木无力，应及时就医，不要仅凭体温未达某个数值排除感染。" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-09", "sources": [ { "title": "Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP)", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/treatment/platelet-rich-plasma-prp/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/platelet-rich-plasma/", "relatedTerms": [ "tendinopathy", "articular-cartilage" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "prp-injection-sports-injury", "chronic-tendinopathy-rest-or-strength-training" ] }, { "slug": "proprioception", "englishName": "Proprioception", "category": "rehabilitation", "categoryLabel": "运动康复", "name": "本体感觉", "aliases": [ "位置觉", "运动觉", "关节空间定位觉", "神经肌肉控制", "Proprioception" ], "definition": "本体感觉是人体神经系统通过分布于肌肉（肌梭）、肌腱（高尔基腱器官）、关节囊及韧带内的特异性机械感受器，感知身体各部位的空间位置、运动姿态、受力大小及加速度的深感觉能力，是大脑精准调控平衡协调与无意识动态防伤的生理中枢基石。", "clinical": "韧带破裂（如 ACL、踝关节距腓前韧带）或关节手术后，机械感受器受损及神经传入阻断会导致本体感觉显著缺失，表现为“打软腿”、反复习惯性扭伤或动作失控。现代运动康复高度强调从早期静态平衡过渡至不稳定平面（BOSU球）、多方向扰动及视觉剥夺等神经肌肉敏捷训练，以重建脊髓与大脑皮层的保护性反射。", "clarification": "“力量恢复”绝不等于“本体感觉与神经控制恢复”！许多患者伤后腿部肌力虽然练上去了，但因缺乏本体感觉专项训练，大脑无法在 50 毫秒的突发失稳瞬间迅速调动肌肉稳定关节，导致极易发生再次撕裂；平衡不仅靠单脚站立测试，更需要动态变向与抗干扰能力综合评估。", "symptoms": [ "运动中或走在不平路面时容易反复发生“打软腿”、膝盖晃动或脚踝踩空扭伤", "闭上眼睛时身体剧烈晃动、无法单腿稳定站立（Romberg 征阳性）", "跳跃落地时膝盖容易内扣、身体前倾僵硬、缓冲减震极差", "对肢体实际摆放角度与挥动速度感知迟钝、动作协调性与敏捷度显著下降" ], "causes": [ "韧带断裂与关节创伤：前交叉韧带或踝关节韧带内的机械感受器（Ruffini、Pacini小体）物理性撕脱断裂", "术后制动废用：伤后长期打石膏或卧床，导致感觉运动大脑皮层（Sensorimotor Cortex）神经映射衰退", "下肢动力链控制失调：臀中肌、腘绳肌等稳定肌群反应延迟及神经肌肉招募失衡" ], "diagnostics": [ "关节位置觉（JPS）角度重现测试：评估闭眼状态下将肢体精准移动到预设角度的误差偏差度", "平衡误差评分系统（BESS 测试）与动态 Y-Balance 平衡测试：精准量化三维方向动态稳定性", "单腿跳跃着地力学评估（Drop-Jump 2D/3D 测试）：检测着地瞬间膝关节外翻角度与动态控制力" ], "treatments": [ "静态单侧平衡训练：坚硬地面单腿站立、闭眼平衡练习、不稳定泡沫垫平衡", "动态神经肌肉控制训练：BOSU 球深蹲、敏捷梯脚步变换、跳跃着地缓冲稳定训练（Hop-to-stabilize）", "意外扰动抗干扰反应：理疗师外力推击扰动、弹力带震颤干扰与频闪眼镜（Strobe Glasses）视觉剥夺训练" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "康复适用范围与进阶", "description": "从有支撑的稳定地面平衡练习开始，再增加动态任务和运动情境。闭眼、不稳定平面或扰动练习需按能力选择并防跌倒；单项平衡分数不能单独决定复赛。" } ], "redFlags": [ "平衡与协调能力突发急剧恶化伴随严重眩晕、视物旋转或步态共济失调（必须急诊排查脑卒中或前庭中枢病变）", "单侧肢体突发进行性无力或感觉完全丧失", "频繁无诱因跌倒且伴随短暂意识障碍" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-09", "sources": [ { "title": "Proprioception: Clinical Significance, Sensory Pathways & Rehabilitation", "organization": "Cleveland Clinic", "url": "https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/proprioception" }, { "title": "Foot and Ankle Conditioning Program", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/globalassets/pdfs/foot-and-ankle-conditioning-program---2025.pdf" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/proprioception/", "relatedTerms": [ "anterior-cruciate-ligament", "meniscus", "stress-fracture" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "recurrent-ankle-sprain", "return-to-sport-criteria", "knee-giving-way" ] }, { "slug": "ankle-sprain", "englishName": "Ankle sprain", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "踝关节扭伤", "aliases": [ "踝关节扭伤", "崴脚", "脚踝扭伤", "Ankle sprain" ], "definition": "踝关节扭伤是稳定踝部的韧带被过度牵拉或撕裂，常累及外侧韧带。", "clinical": "需评估韧带稳定性并排除骨折；反复扭伤可能发展为慢性踝关节不稳。", "clarification": "能走路也可能存在韧带损伤；多数扭伤不需要常规 MRI。", "symptoms": [ "踝部疼痛、肿胀、淤青或踩地不稳。" ], "causes": [ "落地踩偏、突然转向或在不平路面行走。" ], "diagnostics": [ "结合受伤经过、压痛及负重能力检查；怀疑骨折时拍 X 线，持续症状可进一步检查。" ], "treatments": [ "多数采用短期保护、按耐受逐步负重和运动康复；持续不稳者评估进一步治疗。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "康复进阶", "description": "先恢复步态及活动度，再训练小腿力量和平衡；跑跳、变向稳定且症状不反复后逐步恢复运动。" } ], "redFlags": [ "明显畸形、足部冰凉麻木或无法负重，应及时就医。" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-18", "sources": [ { "title": "Sprained Ankle", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/sprained-ankle/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/ankle-sprain/", "relatedTerms": [ "proprioception", "stress-fracture" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "ankle-sprain-need-xray", "ankle-sprain-return-to-sport", "recurrent-ankle-sprain", "high-ankle-sprain" ] }, { "slug": "patellofemoral-pain", "englishName": "Patellofemoral pain", "abbreviation": "PFP", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "髌股疼痛", "aliases": [ "髌股关节疼痛综合征", "跑步者膝", "髌骨软化症", "PFPS", "Patellofemoral pain syndrome" ], "definition": "髌股疼痛指髌骨周围或后方的疼痛，常在屈膝负重活动中出现。", "clinical": "评估活动负荷、髋膝肌力和动作控制，有助于制定训练调整与康复方案。", "clarification": "膝前痛不等于软骨已经磨损；需与髌腱病和其他膝病区分。", "symptoms": [ "上下楼、下蹲、跑步或久坐后膝前疼痛。" ], "causes": [ "运动量突然增加、反复屈膝负荷及肌力或动作控制不足。" ], "diagnostics": [ "以病史和查体为主；症状持续或表现不典型时再考虑影像检查。" ], "treatments": [ "调整诱发疼痛的负荷，结合髋部和股四头肌渐进力量训练；辅助贴扎或鞋垫需个体评估。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "康复进阶", "description": "从可耐受的力量练习开始，再增加台阶、跑步等任务；根据训练中及次日反应调整负荷。" } ], "redFlags": [ "急性明显肿胀、发热红肿、真正交锁或无法负重需尽快评估。" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-18", "sources": [ { "title": "Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/patellofemoral-pain-syndrome/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/patellofemoral-pain/", "relatedTerms": [ "articular-cartilage", "proprioception" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "anterior-knee-pain-stairs-squat", "jumper-knee-patellar-tendinopathy" ] }, { "slug": "lateral-epicondylitis", "englishName": "Lateral epicondylitis", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "网球肘", "aliases": [ "网球肘", "肱骨外上髁炎", "前臂伸肌总腱病", "Tennis elbow", "Lateral epicondylitis" ], "definition": "网球肘是肘外侧伸腕肌腱起点相关的疼痛性肌腱病，也称肱骨外上髁炎。", "clinical": "常影响握持、提物和工作；需鉴别神经卡压等其他肘外侧疼痛原因。", "clarification": "不打网球也会患病；名称中的“炎”不能概括所有慢性肌腱变化。", "symptoms": [ "肘外侧压痛，握物或抗阻伸腕疼痛，握力下降。" ], "causes": [ "重复抓握、伸腕或近期手臂负荷增加。" ], "diagnostics": [ "通过压痛和抗阻动作检查判断；不典型或持续症状可考虑影像及神经评估。" ], "treatments": [ "调整工作和运动负荷，渐进伸腕肌训练；护具或镇痛措施按需使用，长期无效者再评估其他治疗。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "康复进阶", "description": "从可耐受的轻负荷伸腕练习进阶到抓握、提物和专项动作，避免突然恢复高强度重复操作。" } ], "redFlags": [ "外伤后畸形、明显红肿发热或进行性手部无力麻木需就医。" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-18", "sources": [ { "title": "Tennis Elbow (Lateral Epicondylitis)", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/tennis-elbow-lateral-epicondylitis/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/lateral-epicondylitis/", "relatedTerms": [ "tendinopathy", "platelet-rich-plasma" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "tennis-elbow-without-tennis", "golfers-vs-tennis-elbow" ] }, { "slug": "adhesive-capsulitis", "englishName": "Adhesive capsulitis", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "冻结肩", "aliases": [ "冻结肩", "肩周炎", "五十肩", "粘连性肩关节囊炎", "Frozen shoulder", "Adhesive capsulitis" ], "definition": "冻结肩又称粘连性肩关节囊炎，表现为肩痛以及主动、被动活动范围均受限。", "clinical": "常见外旋受限；恢复可能较慢，治疗应结合疼痛阶段和活动受限程度。", "clarification": "肩痛原因很多，单凭夜间痛不能诊断冻结肩；肩袖损伤可同时存在。", "symptoms": [ "肩痛、夜间痛，穿衣或向后伸手困难。" ], "causes": [ "病因可能不明；糖尿病、甲状腺疾病和肩部长期制动与风险增加相关。" ], "diagnostics": [ "医生比较主动和被动活动度，必要时用 X 线排除关节炎，其他影像按需选择。" ], "treatments": [ "疼痛控制和温和活动度训练；可评估关节腔注射，顽固病例再考虑进一步干预。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "康复进阶", "description": "疼痛明显时避免暴力拉伸；按耐受增加活动度，疼痛减轻后逐步强化肌力和日常功能。" } ], "redFlags": [ "外伤后突然无法抬臂、肩部红热伴发热或进行性麻木无力需及时评估。" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-18", "sources": [ { "title": "Frozen Shoulder", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/frozen-shoulder/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/adhesive-capsulitis/", "relatedTerms": [ "rotator-cuff", "glenoid-labrum" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "frozen-shoulder-vs-rotator-cuff" ] }, { "slug": "achilles-tendinopathy", "englishName": "Achilles tendinopathy", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "跟腱病", "aliases": [ "跟腱病", "跟腱炎", "跟腱止点末端病", "Achilles tendinopathy", "Achilles tendinitis" ], "definition": "跟腱病是跟腱负荷相关的疼痛和功能下降，可发生在肌腱中段或跟骨附着处。", "clinical": "区分中段与附着点病变有助于选择练习范围和负荷。", "clarification": "慢性跟腱痛与急性断裂处理不同；疼痛轻重与影像改变未必一致。", "symptoms": [ "晨起僵硬、提踵或跑跳时后踝疼痛，局部增厚。" ], "causes": [ "跑跳负荷骤增、恢复不足及小腿柔韧性或力量不足。" ], "diagnostics": [ "查体评估疼痛部位和提踵能力；诊断不清或怀疑撕裂时考虑超声或 MRI。" ], "treatments": [ "减少诱发疼痛的冲击负荷并逐步强化小腿；持续症状再评估其他治疗。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "康复进阶", "description": "先在耐受范围内提踵，再进阶负重、跳跃和跑步；附着点疼痛者避免未经指导的台阶下沉式拉伸。" } ], "redFlags": [ "突然爆响、后踝剧痛或明显蹬地无力应尽快排除跟腱断裂。" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-18", "sources": [ { "title": "Achilles Tendinitis", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/achilles-tendinitis/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/achilles-tendinopathy/", "relatedTerms": [ "tendinopathy", "ankle-sprain" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "achilles-tendinopathy-vs-rupture", "achilles-rupture-can-walk", "achilles-rupture-need-surgery" ] }, { "slug": "medial-collateral-ligament-injury", "englishName": "Medial collateral ligament injury", "abbreviation": "MCL", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "膝内侧副韧带损伤", "aliases": [ "膝内侧副韧带损伤", "MCL损伤", "膝内侧副韧带撕裂", "Medial collateral ligament injury", "MCL tear" ], "definition": "膝内侧副韧带损伤是膝内侧稳定韧带的拉伤或撕裂。", "clinical": "需确认是否单独损伤，或合并交叉韧带、半月板等损伤。", "clarification": "单纯内侧副韧带损伤多数可保守恢复；疼痛程度不能单独判断撕裂等级。", "symptoms": [ "膝内侧疼痛、局部肿胀及侧向不稳。" ], "causes": [ "膝外侧受到撞击，或运动中膝部外翻扭伤。" ], "diagnostics": [ "专科检查内侧压痛及外翻稳定性，必要时 X 线排除骨折、MRI 评估合并损伤。" ], "treatments": [ "保护和康复为主，支具与负重限制按稳定性决定；复杂损伤需手术评估。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "康复进阶", "description": "在保护内侧韧带的条件下恢复活动度和股四头肌力量，稳定性及专项动作合格后渐进回归运动。" } ], "redFlags": [ "明显畸形、足部冰凉麻木或膝关节严重不稳应立即就医。" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-25", "sources": [ { "title": "Collateral Ligament Injuries", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/collateral-ligament-injuries/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/medial-collateral-ligament-injury/", "relatedTerms": [ "anterior-cruciate-ligament", "meniscus" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "mcl-injury-need-surgery" ] }, { "slug": "posterior-cruciate-ligament-injury", "englishName": "Posterior cruciate ligament injury", "abbreviation": "PCL", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "后交叉韧带损伤", "aliases": [ "后交叉韧带损伤", "PCL损伤", "后十字韧带断裂", "Posterior cruciate ligament injury", "PCL tear" ], "definition": "后交叉韧带限制胫骨相对股骨向后移动，损伤后可能出现后向松弛。", "clinical": "评估合并韧带或骨损伤尤为重要；高能量创伤需检查血管和神经。", "clarification": "部分孤立损伤可保守治疗，不能只凭 MRI 的撕裂描述决定手术。", "symptoms": [ "膝痛、肿胀，下坡或下楼时不适、膝部不稳。" ], "causes": [ "屈膝时胫骨前方受撞击、跪地跌倒或严重过伸。" ], "diagnostics": [ "后抽屉及后坠征由医生检查；X 线和 MRI 用于评估骨折及合并损伤。" ], "treatments": [ "按稳定性选择支具和康复；持续症状或多韧带损伤需评估重建。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "康复进阶", "description": "早期避免胫骨后坠，按方案恢复股四头肌力量；腘绳肌训练时机和回归运动由治疗团队评估。" } ], "redFlags": [ "足部冰凉、麻木、明显畸形或高能量创伤后的严重不稳需急诊。" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-25", "sources": [ { "title": "Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) Injuries", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/posterior-cruciate-ligament-injuries/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/posterior-cruciate-ligament-injury/", "relatedTerms": [ "anterior-cruciate-ligament", "medial-collateral-ligament-injury" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "pcl-injury-symptoms" ] }, { "slug": "shoulder-dislocation", "englishName": "Shoulder dislocation", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "肩关节脱位", "aliases": [ "肩关节脱位", "肩关节脱臼", "肩关节半脱位", "Shoulder dislocation", "Glenohumeral dislocation" ], "definition": "肩关节脱位是肱骨头离开肩胛盂的正常位置，可伴盂唇、韧带、骨或神经损伤。", "clinical": "急性脱位需要医疗复位；复位后仍需评估相关损伤和复发风险。", "clarification": "外观自行恢复也可能发生过脱位或半脱位，不能因此忽略检查。", "symptoms": [ "肩部剧痛、外形改变、活动困难，可能伴麻木。" ], "causes": [ "跌倒、碰撞或手臂受到强力牵扭；抽搐也可能导致脱位。" ], "diagnostics": [ "检查血液循环和神经功能，通常拍 X 线，其他影像依据伴随损伤选择。" ], "treatments": [ "由专业人员在适当镇痛下复位；随后保护和康复，反复脱位或明显骨损伤者评估手术。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "康复进阶", "description": "按损伤情况短期保护，再逐步恢复活动度、肩袖和肩胛肌力，专项稳定性达标后回归。" } ], "redFlags": [ "疑似尚未复位的脱位应立即就医；不要自行强行扳拉，手部冰凉麻木更需急诊。" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-25", "sources": [ { "title": "Shoulder Dislocation", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/dislocated-shoulder/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/shoulder-dislocation/", "relatedTerms": [ "glenoid-labrum", "rotator-cuff" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "shoulder-dislocation-self-reduction", "recurrent-shoulder-dislocation-surgery" ] }, { "slug": "hip-muscle-strain", "englishName": "Hip muscle strain", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "髋部肌肉拉伤", "aliases": [ "髋部肌肉拉伤", "腹股沟拉伤", "髋周肌腱拉伤", "Hip muscle strain", "Groin strain" ], "definition": "髋部肌肉拉伤是支持髋关节的肌肉或肌腱被过度牵伸而受损。", "clinical": "腹股沟或髋部疼痛还可能来自关节或骨，应结合受伤机制鉴别。", "clarification": "持续承重痛不应一直当作普通拉伤，尤其需要排除应力性骨折。", "symptoms": [ "局部疼痛、压痛、无力，拉伸或收缩时疼痛，可伴淤青。" ], "causes": [ "冲刺、踢球、突然变向或过度牵伸。" ], "diagnostics": [ "评估压痛、力量及髋部活动；严重创伤或怀疑撕脱骨折时拍 X 线。" ], "treatments": [ "短期调整活动并保护受伤组织，随后逐步恢复柔韧性与力量；严重撕裂需专科评估。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "康复进阶", "description": "先恢复无明显疼痛的行走及轻度收缩，再增加抗阻、跑步和加速变向，不按固定天数复赛。" } ], "redFlags": [ "深部腹股沟剧痛、无法负重、明显畸形或发热应及时就医。" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-25", "sources": [ { "title": "Hip Strains", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/hip-strains/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/hip-muscle-strain/", "relatedTerms": [ "tendinopathy", "stress-fracture" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "athletic-groin-pain-sports-hernia", "groin-pain-deep-squat-fai" ] }, { "slug": "plantar-fasciitis", "englishName": "Plantar fasciitis", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "足底筋膜炎", "aliases": [ "足底筋膜炎", "足跟痛", "跟骨骨刺综合征", "Plantar fasciitis", "Heel spur syndrome" ], "definition": "足底筋膜炎是足底筋膜在足跟附着区域的疼痛性病变，常与重复负荷有关。", "clinical": "评估站立、步行、跑量和小腿柔韧性，需鉴别神经卡压与跟骨应力性损伤。", "clarification": "X 线上的骨刺并不一定是疼痛来源，也不代表需要手术切除。", "symptoms": [ "晨起第一步或久坐后起步时足跟底部痛，长时间站立后加重。" ], "causes": [ "负荷增加、长时间站立、小腿紧张及体重等因素可能相关。" ], "diagnostics": [ "病史及足跟局部压痛检查为主；不典型或持续疼痛时考虑影像。" ], "treatments": [ "调整负荷，进行足底筋膜和小腿温和牵伸，选择合适鞋具；持续症状者评估其他措施。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "康复进阶", "description": "逐步增加无明显加重的步行和力量训练，再恢复跑跳，关注次日晨起疼痛变化。" } ], "redFlags": [ "外伤后不能负重、足部红热伴发热或进行性麻木应及时就医。" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-25", "sources": [ { "title": "Plantar Fasciitis and Bone Spurs", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/plantar-fasciitis-and-bone-spurs/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/plantar-fasciitis/", "relatedTerms": [ "achilles-tendinopathy", "stress-fracture" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "plantar-fasciitis-morning-heel-pain" ] }, { "slug": "hamstring-strain", "englishName": "Hamstring strain", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "腘绳肌拉伤", "aliases": [ "腘绳肌拉伤", "腘绳肌损伤", "大腿后侧肌肉拉伤", "大腿后群肌损伤", "Hamstring strain" ], "definition": "腘绳肌拉伤是大腿后侧肌肉或肌腱的牵拉损伤，可从轻度纤维损伤到完全撕裂。", "clinical": "需区分肌腹拉伤与近端肌腱撕脱；严重撕脱可能需要手术评估。", "clarification": "走路疼痛减轻不代表已经能安全冲刺，复赛还需评估力量和高速跑能力。", "symptoms": [ "大腿后侧突发疼痛、压痛、淤青及屈膝或伸髋无力。" ], "causes": [ "冲刺、踢腿或髋屈膝伸时的突然牵拉；疲劳和既往损伤可增加风险。" ], "diagnostics": [ "结合受伤经过、触诊和力量检查；怀疑明显撕裂或撕脱时选择 MRI，骨性撕脱可用 X 线评估。" ], "treatments": [ "短期保护并调整负荷，随后渐进力量训练；严重肌腱撕脱由专科决定处理。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "康复进阶", "description": "从无明显疼痛的步行与轻负荷训练进阶至离心力量、加速和专项跑，按功能反应调整进度。" } ], "redFlags": [ "受伤后明显凹陷、大片淤血、不能行走或伴麻木无力，应尽快就诊。" ], "publishedAt": "2026-09-28", "updatedAt": "2026-09-26", "sources": [ { "title": "Hamstring Muscle Injuries", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/hamstring-muscle-injuries/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/hamstring-strain/", "relatedTerms": [ "hip-muscle-strain", "tendinopathy" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "hamstring-strain-return-to-play", "recurrent-hamstring-strain-strength-training", "proximal-hamstring-avulsion-surgery-vs-conservative" ] }, { "slug": "femoroacetabular-impingement", "englishName": "Femoroacetabular impingement", "abbreviation": "FAI", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "股骨髋臼撞击综合征", "aliases": [ "股骨髋臼撞击综合征", "股骨髋臼撞击征", "髋臼撞击综合征", "FAI", "Femoroacetabular impingement" ], "definition": "股骨髋臼撞击综合征是髋部骨形态与运动接触相关、伴症状和临床体征的疾病，可累及盂唇与软骨。", "clinical": "评估腹股沟痛、活动受限及影像表现是否相互吻合，有助于选择康复或手术。", "clarification": "影像上的凸轮型或钳夹型形态可无症状，单凭骨形态不能确定疼痛来源。", "symptoms": [ "屈髋、深蹲、久坐或转身时腹股沟痛，可伴僵硬、卡顿。" ], "causes": [ "股骨头颈或髋臼形态影响接触，反复大幅屈髋和旋转可能诱发症状。" ], "diagnostics": [ "病史、髋部活动和诱发试验结合 X 线；按需用 MRI 评估盂唇与软骨。" ], "treatments": [ "调整诱发动作并进行髋部和躯干训练；症状持续且诊断明确时讨论手术及其局限。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "康复进阶", "description": "先改善可耐受活动和控制，再增加力量与专项任务；术后按实际修复组织遵守限制。" } ], "redFlags": [ "突发严重髋痛、不能负重、发热或明显外伤后疼痛应及时评估。" ], "publishedAt": "2026-09-28", "updatedAt": "2026-09-26", "sources": [ { "title": "Femoroacetabular Impingement", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/femoroacetabular-impingement/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/femoroacetabular-impingement/", "relatedTerms": [ "hip-muscle-strain", "articular-cartilage" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "groin-pain-deep-squat-fai", "fai-xray-need-treatment", "hip-labral-tear-arthroscopy", "hip-arthroscopy-return-to-running-ball-sports" ] }, { "slug": "patellar-instability", "englishName": "Patellar instability", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "髌骨不稳", "aliases": [ "髌骨不稳", "髌骨脱位", "复发性髌骨脱位", "髌骨半脱位", "髌股关节不稳", "Patellar instability" ], "definition": "髌骨不稳指髌骨难以稳定地在股骨滑车内运动，可发生半脱位或完全脱位。", "clinical": "初次脱位后需评估骨软骨损伤，反复不稳还需分析骨形态和软组织因素。", "clarification": "膝前疼痛不等于髌骨脱位；髌骨自行回位后仍可能有骨软骨损伤。", "symptoms": [ "髌骨外移感、恐惧感、膝部肿胀，转向时打软腿。" ], "causes": [ "扭转或碰撞，以及滑车发育、髌骨高度或软组织松弛等因素。" ], "diagnostics": [ "查体配合 X 线，必要时 MRI 判断韧带和骨软骨损伤。" ], "treatments": [ "急性脱位由专业人员处理；保护及康复后，反复不稳或游离骨软骨片可需手术评估。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "康复进阶", "description": "逐步恢复活动度、股四头肌与髋部控制；在无明显肿胀且稳定性和专项功能达标后增加运动。" } ], "redFlags": [ "髌骨仍脱位、关节交锁、大量肿胀或不能负重，应尽快就医。" ], "publishedAt": "2026-09-28", "updatedAt": "2026-09-26", "sources": [ { "title": "Unstable Kneecap (Patellar Instability)", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/unstable-kneecap/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/patellar-instability/", "relatedTerms": [ "patellofemoral-pain", "articular-cartilage" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "first-patellar-dislocation-surgery", "recurrent-patellar-dislocation-mpfl-reconstruction", "recurrent-patellar-dislocation-cartilage", "patellar-instability-fulkerson-tibial-tubercle-osteotomy" ] }, { "slug": "osteochondritis-dissecans", "englishName": "Osteochondritis dissecans", "abbreviation": "OCD", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "剥脱性骨软骨炎", "aliases": [ "剥脱性骨软骨炎", "骨软骨剥脱症", "软骨剥脱", "OCD", "Osteochondritis dissecans" ], "definition": "剥脱性骨软骨炎是软骨下骨局部病变，可使其上方软骨和骨片不稳定或脱落。", "clinical": "处理取决于骨骼是否成熟、病灶稳定性、大小及症状，常累及膝关节。", "clarification": "名称中含“炎”不代表细菌感染；影像病灶也不一定都需要手术。", "symptoms": [ "活动后疼痛、肿胀或僵硬，不稳定碎片可引起卡顿和交锁。" ], "causes": [ "原因尚未完全明确，局部血供、重复负荷和遗传因素可能参与。" ], "diagnostics": [ "X 线确定病灶位置，MRI 帮助评估软骨、病灶稳定性及愈合情况。" ], "treatments": [ "未成熟骨骼的稳定病灶可限制冲击活动并随访；不稳定或保守无效者评估固定或修复。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "康复进阶", "description": "先保护病灶并维持允许范围内的力量，按临床及影像愈合逐步恢复负荷和跑跳。" } ], "redFlags": [ "关节突然交锁、明显肿胀或无法负重需及时就医。" ], "publishedAt": "2026-09-28", "updatedAt": "2026-09-26", "sources": [ { "title": "Osteochondritis Dissecans", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/osteochondritis-dissecans/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/osteochondritis-dissecans/", "relatedTerms": [ "articular-cartilage", "arthroscopy" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "recurrent-patellar-dislocation-cartilage", "articular-cartilage-self-healing" ] }, { "slug": "osgood-schlatter-disease", "englishName": "Osgood-Schlatter disease", "abbreviation": "OSD", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "胫骨结节骨骺炎", "aliases": [ "胫骨结节骨骺炎", "胫骨结节骨软骨炎", "Osgood-Schlatter病", "奥斯古德-施拉特病", "OSD", "Osgood-Schlatter disease" ], "definition": "胫骨结节骨骺炎又称 Osgood-Schlatter 病，是生长期髌腱附着于胫骨结节处的牵拉相关疼痛。", "clinical": "常发生在青少年生长阶段，活动调整主要依据疼痛及功能受限程度。", "clarification": "膝下隆起可能在症状消退后保留；不应把所有青少年膝痛归为生长痛。", "symptoms": [ "膝前下方骨性隆起处压痛、肿胀，跑跳或跪地时加重。" ], "causes": [ "生长期反复跑跳使髌腱牵拉胫骨结节，肌肉紧张也可能影响负荷。" ], "diagnostics": [ "通常依据病史和查体诊断；非典型表现或急性外伤时考虑 X 线。" ], "treatments": [ "按症状调整活动，配合温和牵伸和力量训练；疼痛明显或跛行时降低负荷并复评。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "康复进阶", "description": "在可耐受且不引起跛行的范围内保持活动，再逐步增加跑跳；进度依据症状而非年龄数字。" } ], "redFlags": [ "突然剧痛、不能主动伸膝、无法负重或发热红肿，应尽快排除其他损伤。" ], "publishedAt": "2026-09-28", "updatedAt": "2026-09-26", "sources": [ { "title": "Osgood-Schlatter Disease (Knee Pain)", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/osgood-schlatter-disease-knee-pain/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/osgood-schlatter-disease/", "relatedTerms": [ "patellofemoral-pain", "patellar-tendon-tear" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "adolescent-tibial-tubercle-pain", "jumper-knee-patellar-tendinopathy" ] }, { "slug": "achilles-tendon-rupture", "englishName": "Achilles tendon rupture", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "跟腱断裂", "aliases": [ "跟腱断裂", "跟腱撕裂", "跟腱完全断裂", "Achilles tendon rupture" ], "definition": "跟腱断裂是连接小腿肌肉与跟骨的肌腱部分或完全撕裂，可削弱蹬地能力。", "clinical": "及时识别并保护有助于制定非手术功能康复或手术修复方案。", "clarification": "断裂后仍可能行走或活动踝部，不能仅据此排除损伤。", "symptoms": [ "后踝或小腿突发爆响、被踢感、疼痛及踮脚无力。" ], "causes": [ "突然起跳、加速或强力踝背屈，既有肌腱病和部分药物暴露可增加风险。" ], "diagnostics": [ "医生检查肌腱连续性和挤压小腿试验；诊断不明时使用超声或 MRI。" ], "treatments": [ "尽快专科评估并保护患肢；结合活动需求、合并症和康复条件选择治疗。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "康复进阶", "description": "支具角度、负重及背屈范围按方案推进，随后恢复提踵力量和跑跳能力，避免过早强拉肌腱。" } ], "redFlags": [ "疑似断裂需尽快就诊；足部冰凉麻木、胸痛或呼吸困难需急诊。" ], "publishedAt": "2026-09-30", "updatedAt": "2026-09-26", "sources": [ { "title": "Achilles Tendon Rupture (Tear)", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/achilles-tendon-rupture-tear/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/achilles-tendon-rupture/", "relatedTerms": [ "achilles-tendinopathy", "ankle-sprain" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "achilles-rupture-need-surgery", "achilles-rupture-can-walk", "achilles-tendinopathy-vs-rupture", "acute-achilles-rupture-percutaneous-repair-vs-open" ] }, { "slug": "patellar-tendon-tear", "englishName": "Patellar tendon tear", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "髌腱撕裂", "aliases": [ "髌腱撕裂", "髌韧带撕裂", "髌腱断裂", "髌韧带断裂", "Patellar tendon tear" ], "definition": "髌腱撕裂是连接髌骨与胫骨的肌腱受损，完全断裂可破坏主动伸膝能力。", "clinical": "需尽快判断伸膝装置是否完整；完全断裂通常需要手术评估。", "clarification": "慢性髌腱痛与急性断裂处理不同；明显伸膝无力不宜继续运动。", "symptoms": [ "膝前下方疼痛、肿胀、淤青，膝打软或不能主动伸直。" ], "causes": [ "跳跃落地时强烈收缩、跌倒或直接撞击，既往肌腱病可增加风险。" ], "diagnostics": [ "检查主动伸膝、直腿抬高及髌骨位置；X 线和按需 MRI 帮助评估损伤。" ], "treatments": [ "保护膝部并尽快专科评估；部分损伤可保守，完全断裂常考虑修复。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "康复进阶", "description": "按损伤或修复情况限制屈膝及负重，逐步恢复股四头肌控制，功能评估后再增加跑跳。" } ], "redFlags": [ "外伤后不能主动伸膝、明显凹陷或无法站立，应及时就医。" ], "publishedAt": "2026-09-30", "updatedAt": "2026-09-26", "sources": [ { "title": "Patellar Tendon Tear", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/patellar-tendon-tear/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/patellar-tendon-tear/", "relatedTerms": [ "tendinopathy", "osgood-schlatter-disease" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "patellar-tendon-rupture-vs-tendinitis", "jumper-knee-patellar-tendinopathy" ] }, { "slug": "quadriceps-tendon-tear", "englishName": "Quadriceps tendon tear", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "股四头肌腱撕裂", "aliases": [ "股四头肌腱撕裂", "股四头肌腱断裂", "股四头肌肌腱撕裂", "Quadriceps tendon tear" ], "definition": "股四头肌腱撕裂发生在大腿前侧肌肉与髌骨连接处，严重时影响膝关节主动伸直。", "clinical": "评估部分或完全撕裂及伸膝功能，可避免延误需要修复的损伤。", "clarification": "膝部肿胀可能掩盖肌腱缺口，不能仅以外观判断损伤程度。", "symptoms": [ "髌骨上方疼痛、肿胀或凹陷，伸膝无力、行走打软腿。" ], "causes": [ "屈膝负重时强烈收缩或跌倒；肌腱退变及某些全身疾病可增加风险。" ], "diagnostics": [ "检查主动伸膝和直腿抬高，X 线及必要时 MRI 明确损伤范围。" ], "treatments": [ "先保护患膝；部分损伤可支具和康复，完全断裂通常需尽早评估手术。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "康复进阶", "description": "按修复强度和愈合情况逐步增加屈膝及负重，再恢复伸膝力量和日常活动。" } ], "redFlags": [ "受伤后不能主动伸膝、无法站立或足部麻木冰凉需及时评估。" ], "publishedAt": "2026-09-30", "updatedAt": "2026-09-26", "sources": [ { "title": "Quadriceps Tendon Tear", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/quadriceps-tendon-tear/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/quadriceps-tendon-tear/", "relatedTerms": [ "patellar-tendon-tear", "tendinopathy" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "quadriceps-tendon-rupture-surgery-rehabilitation" ] }, { "slug": "proximal-biceps-tendon-tear", "englishName": "Proximal biceps tendon tear", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "肱二头肌近端肌腱撕裂", "aliases": [ "肱二头肌近端肌腱撕裂", "肱二头肌长头腱断裂", "肱二头肌腱撕裂", "大力水手畸形", "Proximal biceps tendon tear" ], "definition": "肱二头肌近端肌腱撕裂发生在肩部附着区域，较常累及长头腱。", "clinical": "需评估肩袖等合并病变，并区分肩部近端损伤与肘部远端断裂。", "clarification": "长头腱完全断裂后仍可能保留较多功能，治疗按疼痛、痉挛和活动需求决定。", "symptoms": [ "肩前或上臂疼痛、淤青、肌肉向下隆起，可伴旋后或屈肘乏力。" ], "causes": [ "慢性磨损、反复过顶活动，或突然提重物、跌倒受力。" ], "diagnostics": [ "查体观察肌肉轮廓和力量，超声或 MRI 按需评估肌腱及肩袖。" ], "treatments": [ "活动调整和康复常可改善功能；持续疼痛、痉挛或特定需求者讨论手术。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "康复进阶", "description": "先恢复舒适活动，再逐步增加屈肘、旋后和肩部力量；术后负荷按固定方式保护。" } ], "redFlags": [ "明显外伤后肘前疼痛并伴旋后无力，或手部冰凉麻木，应及时评估。" ], "publishedAt": "2026-09-30", "updatedAt": "2026-09-26", "sources": [ { "title": "Biceps Tendon Tear at the Shoulder", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/biceps-tendon-tear-at-the-shoulder/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/proximal-biceps-tendon-tear/", "relatedTerms": [ "rotator-cuff", "glenoid-labrum" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "popeye-bulge-biceps-rupture", "anterior-shoulder-pain-biceps-tendon", "distal-biceps-rupture-surgery" ] }, { "slug": "trochanteric-bursitis", "englishName": "Trochanteric bursitis", "abbreviation": "GTPS", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "大转子滑囊炎", "aliases": [ "大转子滑囊炎", "大粗隆滑囊炎", "大转子疼痛综合征", "GTPS", "髋外侧滑囊炎", "Trochanteric bursitis" ], "definition": "大转子滑囊炎是髋外侧大转子附近滑囊受刺激引起的疼痛性问题。", "clinical": "髋外侧疼痛也常涉及臀肌腱，评估需考虑大转子疼痛综合征的其他组成。", "clarification": "仅凭髋外侧疼痛不能确定滑囊炎，腰椎和髋关节病变也可产生类似症状。", "symptoms": [ "髋外侧压痛、患侧卧位痛，上楼或长时间行走后加重。" ], "causes": [ "反复摩擦或负荷、直接撞击及髋部力学因素可能参与。" ], "diagnostics": [ "结合局部压痛、髋部活动和肌力检查，必要时影像排除其他病因。" ], "treatments": [ "减少局部压迫和诱发负荷，进行渐进髋部训练；注射等措施按诊断及反应选择。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "康复进阶", "description": "先调整侧卧和日常负荷，再恢复髋外展力量及步行耐受，避免训练后持续加重。" } ], "redFlags": [ "明显红肿发热、外伤后不能负重或进行性剧痛需及时评估。" ], "publishedAt": "2026-09-30", "updatedAt": "2026-09-26", "sources": [ { "title": "Hip Bursitis", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/hip-bursitis/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/trochanteric-bursitis/", "relatedTerms": [ "hip-muscle-strain", "tendinopathy" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "snapping-hip-joint-damage", "adductor-strain-groin-pain", "iliotibial-band-syndrome-lateral-knee-pain" ] }, { "slug": "lisfranc-injury", "englishName": "Lisfranc injury", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "Lisfranc损伤", "aliases": [ "跖跗关节损伤", "跖跗关节骨折脱位", "中足扭伤", "李斯弗朗损伤", "Lisfranc injury" ], "definition": "中足跖跗关节复合体的韧带损伤，可合并骨折或脱位。", "clinical": "负重影像有助于发现非负重时不明显的跖跗关节分离。能否负重应由医生判断；剧痛时不要强行站立，可能需CT或MRI进一步评估，检查前先保护患足。", "clarification": "能走路也不能排除中足不稳定。", "symptoms": [ "中足肿痛、足底瘀斑或蹬地痛" ], "causes": [ "足部扭转或轴向负荷" ], "diagnostics": [ "查体及负重影像，必要时CT或MRI" ], "treatments": [ "稳定损伤可固定保护；不稳定者评估手术" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "渐进康复", "description": "确认稳定或愈合后渐进负重和推蹬训练" } ], "redFlags": [ "足部变形、冰凉或麻木应急诊" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-01", "updatedAt": "2026-10-01", "sources": [ { "title": "Lisfranc injury", "organization": "AAOS", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/lisfranc-midfoot-injury/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/lisfranc-injury/", "relatedTerms": [ "ankle-sprain", "articular-cartilage" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "lisfranc-weightbearing-imaging", "lisfranc-stable-injury-followup" ] }, { "slug": "scaphoid-fracture", "englishName": "Scaphoid fracture", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "舟骨骨折", "aliases": [ "腕舟骨骨折", "舟状骨骨折", "鼻烟窝骨折", "Scaphoid fracture" ], "definition": "腕部舟骨发生断裂，常见于跌倒时手掌撑地。", "clinical": "疼痛减轻不能确认骨折愈合。舟骨部分区域血供较差，过早撑地可能影响愈合；应结合复查影像、压痛和功能评估，经医生许可后逐渐恢复负重。", "clarification": "早期X线正常仍可能存在骨折。", "symptoms": [ "拇指侧腕痛、鼻烟窝压痛" ], "causes": [ "伸手撑地或腕部直接受伤" ], "diagnostics": [ "查体和X线，疑似隐匿骨折进一步影像" ], "treatments": [ "按位置与移位选择固定或手术" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "渐进康复", "description": "经复查确认愈合后恢复腕力和撑地" } ], "redFlags": [ "手指苍白、冰凉或加重麻木需急诊" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-01", "updatedAt": "2026-10-01", "sources": [ { "title": "Scaphoid fracture", "organization": "AAOS", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/scaphoid-fracture-of-the-wrist/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/scaphoid-fracture/", "relatedTerms": [ "stress-fracture" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "scaphoid-pain-improved-healing", "scaphoid-proximal-pole-blood-supply" ] }, { "slug": "tfcc-injury", "englishName": "Triangular fibrocartilage complex injury", "abbreviation": "TFCC", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "三角纤维软骨复合体损伤", "aliases": [ "三角纤维软骨复合体损伤", "TFCC损伤", "TFCC撕裂", "腕关节TFCC损伤", "TFCC" ], "definition": "腕尺侧软骨与韧带复合体损伤，可影响负荷传递及远端桡尺关节稳定。", "clinical": "不一定，退变性改变也可见于没有症状的人。需结合尺侧压痛、旋转或撑地时疼痛及远端桡尺关节稳定性，决定是否保护、康复或进一步检查。", "clarification": "影像异常与疼痛来源需相互印证。", "symptoms": [ "尺侧腕痛、旋转痛或弹响" ], "causes": [ "跌倒撑地、反复负荷或退变" ], "diagnostics": [ "查体评估稳定性，必要时MRI或关节镜" ], "treatments": [ "稳定者可先保护康复；持续症状或不稳评估手术" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "渐进康复", "description": "依稳定性及修复方式逐步恢复旋转与握力" } ], "redFlags": [ "外伤后明显变形或手部血运异常需急诊" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-01", "updatedAt": "2026-10-01", "sources": [ { "title": "Triangular fibrocartilage complex injury", "organization": "Cleveland Clinic", "url": "https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21832-triangular-fibrocartilage-complex-tear-tfcc" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/tfcc-injury/", "relatedTerms": [ "articular-cartilage", "arthroscopy" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "tfcc-mri-tear-symptom-correlation", "tfcc-central-peripheral-treatment" ] }, { "slug": "elbow-ulnar-collateral-ligament-injury", "englishName": "Elbow ulnar collateral ligament injury", "abbreviation": "UCL", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "肘尺侧副韧带损伤", "aliases": [ "肘尺侧副韧带损伤", "UCL损伤", "Tommy John韧带损伤", "肘关节内侧副韧带损伤", "投手肘", "UCL" ], "definition": "维持肘内侧抗外翻稳定的韧带发生拉伤或撕裂。", "clinical": "不能只凭静息无痛判断。应评估肘稳定性、活动度、上肢与躯干力量及投掷负荷耐受；在指导下逐步增加距离、次数和强度，出现疼痛或不稳应退阶复评。", "clarification": "投球内侧肘痛也可能来自其他组织。", "symptoms": [ "投掷内侧痛、速度下降或不稳" ], "causes": [ "反复外翻负荷或急性外伤" ], "diagnostics": [ "病史、稳定性检查及必要的影像" ], "treatments": [ "调整投掷负荷与康复，持续不稳评估修复或重建" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "渐进康复", "description": "按力量、稳定性及投掷耐受分级回归" } ], "redFlags": [ "持续手麻或进行性无力需及时评估" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-01", "updatedAt": "2026-10-01", "sources": [ { "title": "Elbow ulnar collateral ligament injury", "organization": "AAOS", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/recurrent-and-chronic-elbow-instability/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/elbow-ulnar-collateral-ligament-injury/", "relatedTerms": [ "medial-collateral-ligament-injury" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "elbow-ucl-rehab-before-throwing" ] }, { "slug": "ankle-syndesmosis-injury", "englishName": "Ankle syndesmosis injury", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "下胫腓联合损伤", "aliases": [ "下胫腓联合损伤", "高位踝扭伤", "高位踝关节扭伤", "下胫腓韧带损伤", "Ankle syndesmosis injury" ], "definition": "踝上方连接胫骨与腓骨的韧带复合体受伤，又称高位踝扭伤。", "clinical": "肿胀程度不能可靠反映下胫腓联合稳定性。踝上方疼痛、蹬地困难或外旋痛应接受检查，必要时影像评估；是否手术主要取决于不稳、分离及合并骨折。", "clarification": "疼痛程度不能单独判断是否需要手术。", "symptoms": [ "踝上方疼痛、外旋痛或推蹬困难" ], "causes": [ "足部外旋及背屈负荷" ], "diagnostics": [ "查体结合X线，必要时进一步影像" ], "treatments": [ "稳定者保护康复；不稳定者评估固定" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "渐进康复", "description": "按稳定性和功能逐步负重、跑跳" } ], "redFlags": [ "无法负重并有畸形或足部冰凉需急诊" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-01", "updatedAt": "2026-10-01", "sources": [ { "title": "Ankle syndesmosis injury", "organization": "Cleveland Clinic", "url": "https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22249-high-ankle-sprains" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/ankle-syndesmosis-injury/", "relatedTerms": [ "ankle-sprain" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "syndesmosis-little-swelling-stability" ] }, { "slug": "spondylolysis", "englishName": "Spondylolysis", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "腰椎峡部裂", "aliases": [ "腰椎峡部裂", "椎弓峡部裂", "椎弓崩裂", "峡部应力性骨折", "Spondylolysis" ], "definition": "椎弓峡部的骨性缺损，可与重复负荷导致的骨应力损伤有关。", "clinical": "并非人人需要。通常先减少诱发疼痛的后伸和旋转负荷，并进行指导下康复；是否使用支具取决于症状、病变阶段与治疗反应，不能仅凭影像决定固定时长。", "clarification": "峡部裂与椎体滑脱是相关但不同的概念。", "symptoms": [ "运动后腰痛，后伸时加重" ], "causes": [ "反复后伸和旋转负荷" ], "diagnostics": [ "查体及按需X线、MRI或CT" ], "treatments": [ "减少诱发负荷并康复，支具或手术按情况选择" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "渐进康复", "description": "从无痛日常活动逐渐恢复躯干力量与专项负荷" } ], "redFlags": [ "大小便异常、会阴麻木或进行性腿无力需急诊" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-08", "updatedAt": "2026-10-08", "sources": [ { "title": "Spondylolysis", "organization": "AAOS", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/spondylolysis-and-spondylolisthesis/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/spondylolysis/", "relatedTerms": [ "stress-fracture" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "spondylolysis-brace-individualized" ] }, { "slug": "de-quervain-tenosynovitis", "englishName": "De Quervain's tenosynovitis", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "桡骨茎突狭窄性腱鞘炎", "aliases": [ "桡骨茎突狭窄性腱鞘炎", "狄奎凡氏症", "妈妈手", "拇指狭窄性腱鞘炎", "De Quervain's tenosynovitis" ], "definition": "拇指侧腕部第一伸肌腱室内肌腱及腱鞘受到刺激、增厚的疼痛性疾病。", "clinical": "不能，过度牵拉也可能使正常组织或其他腕部病变疼痛。不要反复用力自测；需由医生结合疼痛位置、病史和检查，区分狭窄性腱鞘炎、关节病变及骨折。", "clarification": "拇指侧腕痛也需排除骨折或关节病变。", "symptoms": [ "握持、提物或拇指活动时疼痛" ], "causes": [ "重复手腕拇指负荷，产后也较常见" ], "diagnostics": [ "病史与查体，必要时影像鉴别" ], "treatments": [ "调整活动、拇指支具；按需注射，顽固者评估手术" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "渐进康复", "description": "症状允许后逐渐恢复拇指活动和握力" } ], "redFlags": [ "红肿伴发热或急性外伤后明显压痛需就医" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-08", "updatedAt": "2026-10-08", "sources": [ { "title": "De Quervain's tenosynovitis", "organization": "AAOS", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/de-quervains-tendinosis/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/de-quervain-tenosynovitis/", "relatedTerms": [ "tendinopathy" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "dequervain-self-test-limitations" ] }, { "slug": "cubital-tunnel-syndrome", "englishName": "Cubital tunnel syndrome", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "肘管综合征", "aliases": [ "肘管综合征", "尺神经卡压综合征", "肘部尺神经炎", "尺神经麻痹", "Cubital tunnel syndrome" ], "definition": "尺神经在肘部受压或受刺激引起的感觉及运动功能障碍。", "clinical": "若与肘部尺神经受压有关，避免长时间深屈肘和压肘可能减轻症状，可在指导下使用夜间支具。持续麻木、握力下降或手部肌肉萎缩需及时就诊。", "clarification": "并非所有小指麻木都源于肘部。", "symptoms": [ "小指及环指尺侧麻木，可伴握力下降" ], "causes": [ "长时间屈肘、压肘或局部解剖因素" ], "diagnostics": [ "查体及按需神经传导、肌电图" ], "treatments": [ "减少屈肘压迫、支具保护；明显损害评估减压" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "渐进康复", "description": "按神经恢复及手部功能调整训练" } ], "redFlags": [ "手肌萎缩或进行性无力应尽快专科评估" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-08", "updatedAt": "2026-10-08", "sources": [ { "title": "Cubital tunnel syndrome", "organization": "AAOS", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/ulnar-nerve-entrapment-at-the-elbow/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/cubital-tunnel-syndrome/", "relatedTerms": [ "tfcc-injury", "de-quervain-tenosynovitis" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "cubital-tunnel-night-elbow-position", "cubital-tunnel-progressive-weakness" ] }, { "slug": "mortons-neuroma", "englishName": "Morton's neuroma", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "Morton神经瘤", "aliases": [ "莫顿神经瘤", "跖间神经瘤", "莫顿跖骨痛", "前足神经纤维瘤", "Morton's neuroma" ], "definition": "前足趾间神经周围组织增厚，常涉及第三、四趾之间。", "clinical": "宽鞋头和较低鞋跟可减少前足及趾间神经压力，跖骨垫也可能有帮助，但位置需合适。持续疼痛或麻木应复评，鞋具调整不能保证所有患者避免进一步治疗。", "clarification": "名称中的神经瘤通常不代表真正肿瘤。", "symptoms": [ "前足烧灼痛、趾间麻木或踩石子感" ], "causes": [ "前足反复压力与神经刺激" ], "diagnostics": [ "查体，必要时影像排除其他原因" ], "treatments": [ "宽鞋头、跖骨垫；持续症状评估注射或手术" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "渐进康复", "description": "减轻前足压力后逐步恢复步行及跑步" } ], "redFlags": [ "持续感觉下降或新发肿块需就诊" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-08", "updatedAt": "2026-10-08", "sources": [ { "title": "Morton's neuroma", "organization": "AAOS", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/mortons-neuroma/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/mortons-neuroma/", "relatedTerms": [ "plantar-fasciitis" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "morton-neuroma-shoe-width" ] }, { "slug": "tarsal-tunnel-syndrome", "englishName": "Tarsal tunnel syndrome", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "跗管综合征", "aliases": [ "跗管综合征", "踝管综合征", "胫后神经卡压", "跗管狭窄", "Tarsal tunnel syndrome" ], "definition": "胫神经或其分支在踝内侧跗管区域受压引起的神经症状。", "clinical": "不能完全排除。需结合足底麻痛分布、踝内侧检查以及腰椎或其他神经病变的可能性，必要时用超声或MRI寻找占位及其他压迫原因，避免凭单项结果确诊或排除。", "clarification": "足底烧灼麻痛还需排除其他神经病变。", "symptoms": [ "足底烧灼、刺痛或麻木" ], "causes": [ "局部占位、肿胀或力学因素" ], "diagnostics": [ "神经查体，按需电生理及影像" ], "treatments": [ "调整负荷与压迫因素；持续症状或占位评估手术" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "渐进康复", "description": "按感觉、肌力及步行耐受渐进活动" } ], "redFlags": [ "足肌无力加重或持续感觉缺失需及时评估" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-08", "updatedAt": "2026-10-08", "sources": [ { "title": "Tarsal tunnel syndrome", "organization": "Cleveland Clinic", "url": "https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22200-tarsal-tunnel-syndrome" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/tarsal-tunnel-syndrome/", "relatedTerms": [ "plantar-fasciitis", "mortons-neuroma" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "tarsal-tunnel-normal-nerve-test" ] }, { "slug": "chronic-exertional-compartment-syndrome", "englishName": "Chronic exertional compartment syndrome", "abbreviation": "CECS", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "慢性运动性筋膜室综合征", "aliases": [ "慢性运动性筋膜室综合征", "慢性骨筋膜室综合征", "CECS", "劳力性筋膜室综合征", "运动性骨筋膜室综合征" ], "definition": "运动时肌肉筋膜室内压力异常升高相关的反复疼痛和紧绷。", "clinical": "不能自行沿用原判断。持续加重的剧痛、紧绷、麻木或无力需立即急诊排除急性筋膜室综合征及其他急症；即使足部仍有脉搏，也不能排除严重压力升高。", "clarification": "急性持续剧痛需另按急症评估。", "symptoms": [ "固定运动强度后胀痛，休息常缓解" ], "causes": [ "运动时肌肉膨胀与筋膜室容积限制相关" ], "diagnostics": [ "运动前后查体，必要时测压并排除骨血管病变" ], "treatments": [ "调整训练，持续受限且诊断明确者评估筋膜切开" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "渐进康复", "description": "按症状与治疗方式逐渐重建运动耐受" } ], "redFlags": [ "休息后仍剧痛、麻木或无力应急诊" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-15", "updatedAt": "2026-10-15", "sources": [ { "title": "Chronic exertional compartment syndrome", "organization": "Cleveland Clinic", "url": "https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15315-compartment-syndrome" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/chronic-exertional-compartment-syndrome/", "relatedTerms": [ "stress-fracture" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "exertional-compartment-persistent-pain" ] }, { "slug": "iliotibial-band-syndrome", "englishName": "Iliotibial band syndrome", "abbreviation": "ITBS", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "髂胫束综合征", "aliases": [ "髂胫束综合征", "髂胫束摩擦综合征", "ITBS", "跑步膝", "髂胫束损伤" ], "definition": "与髂胫束周围组织受刺激相关的运动性膝外侧疼痛。", "clinical": "通常不够。应调整跑量和诱发疼痛的坡度，结合髋部力量与动作评估逐步恢复跑步。滚压可能暂时改善舒适度，不能替代负荷管理，也不应在疼痛处反复强压。", "clarification": "膝外侧痛需与半月板等病变鉴别。", "symptoms": [ "跑步时膝外侧痛，反复屈伸诱发" ], "causes": [ "重复负荷及训练量变化等因素" ], "diagnostics": [ "结合压痛、诱发动作和跑步负荷评估" ], "treatments": [ "调整负荷并开展髋部力量与动作训练" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "渐进康复", "description": "从可耐受的平地短距离逐步增加跑量" } ], "redFlags": [ "外伤后交锁、明显肿胀或无法负重需就医" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-15", "updatedAt": "2026-10-15", "sources": [ { "title": "Iliotibial band syndrome", "organization": "Cleveland Clinic", "url": "https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21967-iliotibial-band-syndrome" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/iliotibial-band-syndrome/", "relatedTerms": [ "patellofemoral-pain" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "it-band-foam-rolling-alone" ] }, { "slug": "calcific-rotator-cuff-tendinopathy", "englishName": "Calcific rotator cuff tendinopathy", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "肩袖钙化性肌腱病", "aliases": [ "肩袖钙化性肌腱病", "钙化性肩袖肌腱炎", "肩关节钙化性肌腱炎", "冈上肌钙化性肌腱炎", "Calcific rotator cuff tendinopathy" ], "definition": "肩袖肌腱内出现钙盐沉积，可无症状或引起明显肩痛。", "clinical": "钙化灶大小与症状并不总一致，吸收期的小病灶也可能很痛，无症状钙化通常无需处理。应结合症状、活动受限和查体选择治疗，不能仅凭影像大小决定手术。", "clarification": "钙化影像本身不能决定手术。", "symptoms": [ "肩痛、夜间痛或活动受限" ], "causes": [ "钙盐沉积和吸收过程，具体成因尚未完全明确" ], "diagnostics": [ "查体、X线或超声，结合症状判断" ], "treatments": [ "先考虑止痛、负荷调整和康复；顽固者评估其他干预" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "渐进康复", "description": "疼痛控制后逐步恢复活动度与力量" } ], "redFlags": [ "红肿伴发热或外伤后突然无力需及时评估" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-15", "updatedAt": "2026-10-15", "sources": [ { "title": "Calcific rotator cuff tendinopathy", "organization": "Cleveland Clinic", "url": "https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21638-calcific-tendonitis" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/calcific-rotator-cuff-tendinopathy/", "relatedTerms": [ "rotator-cuff", "tendinopathy" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "calcific-tendonitis-deposit-size-pain" ] }, { "slug": "bakers-cyst", "englishName": "Baker's cyst", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "Baker囊肿", "aliases": [ "Baker囊肿", "腘窝囊肿", "贝克囊肿", "膝后囊肿", "Baker's cyst" ], "definition": "膝后方滑液积聚形成的囊性肿胀，成人常伴膝内病变。", "clinical": "不能。囊肿破裂与深静脉血栓可能表现相似，需及时就医，常需超声鉴别。若同时胸痛、气促或晕厥，应立即呼叫急救，避免按摩或继续运动。", "clarification": "抽液后复发可能与持续关节积液有关。", "symptoms": [ "膝后饱胀、屈伸不适，有时无症状" ], "causes": [ "关节液增多，常伴关节炎或半月板病变" ], "diagnostics": [ "查体和超声，必要时MRI评估膝内问题" ], "treatments": [ "观察或处理原发问题，按需考虑抽吸等治疗" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "渐进康复", "description": "按膝部症状恢复活动度与力量" } ], "redFlags": [ "突发小腿肿痛需及时排除血栓" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-15", "updatedAt": "2026-10-15", "sources": [ { "title": "Baker's cyst", "organization": "AAOS", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/bakers-cyst-popliteal-cyst/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/bakers-cyst/", "relatedTerms": [ "meniscus", "articular-cartilage" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "baker-cyst-rupture-dvt-differential" ] }, { "slug": "sport-related-concussion", "englishName": "Sport-related concussion", "abbreviation": "SRC", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "运动性脑震荡", "aliases": [ "运动性脑震荡", "SRC", "运动脑震荡", "轻型颅脑损伤", "脑震荡" ], "definition": "运动中头部或身体受力传至脑部引起的创伤性脑功能障碍。", "clinical": "通常不建议长期完全休息。最初24—48小时相对休息后，可按症状耐受逐步恢复日常活动和轻度有氧运动；避免碰撞与跌倒风险，重返接触运动需完成分阶段评估。", "clarification": "没有昏迷、常规影像正常也不能排除脑震荡。", "symptoms": [ "头痛、眩晕、注意力或平衡异常" ], "causes": [ "撞击头颈或身体产生的加减速力量" ], "diagnostics": [ "临床多方面评估，影像用于排除更严重损伤" ], "treatments": [ "立即离场并评估，相对休息后渐进恢复活动" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "渐进康复", "description": "按症状逐步恢复学习及运动，接触运动需医疗许可" } ], "redFlags": [ "头痛加重、反复呕吐、抽搐或意识变化应急诊" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-15", "updatedAt": "2026-10-15", "sources": [ { "title": "Sport-related concussion", "organization": "BJSM", "url": "https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/57/11/695" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/sport-related-concussion/", "relatedTerms": [ "proprioception" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "concussion-relative-rest-light-activity", "concussion-school-before-contact-sport" ] }, { "slug": "slap-lesion", "englishName": "Superior labral anterior-to-posterior lesion", "abbreviation": "SLAP", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "SLAP损伤", "aliases": [ "上盂唇前后向损伤", "上盂唇撕裂", "Superior labral anterior-to-posterior lesion", "SLAP" ], "definition": "肩关节上方盂唇在肱二头肌长头腱附着区域发生损伤，可从前方向后方延伸；不同分型涉及毛糙、剥离或不稳定撕裂。", "clinical": "判断意义需结合外伤经过、投掷负荷、年龄和合并肩袖病变。通常先进行负荷管理、活动度恢复及肩胛肩袖训练；持续影响功能时再讨论清创、盂唇修复或二头肌腱固定。", "clarification": "MRI上的撕裂不必然是疼痛来源；现有试验不支持仅凭孤立Ⅱ型影像发现常规手术，也不能据此否定所有运动员的手术价值。", "symptoms": [ "过顶运动深部肩痛、力量或投掷表现下降", "弹响、卡顿或牵拉时疼痛，但症状缺乏特异性" ], "causes": [ "跌倒撑地、上肢突然牵拉", "反复投掷负荷及年龄相关退变" ], "diagnostics": [ "评估活动度、肩袖力量和肩胛控制，单一诱发试验不能确诊", "按需MRI或MR关节造影，并与临床对应" ], "treatments": [ "减少诱发动作、渐进力量训练，适当止痛", "保守效果不足者结合盂唇稳定性、二头肌腱及运动需求选择术式" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "早期", "description": "控制症状、维持安全活动；修复后保护盂唇和二头肌附着" }, { "phase": "进阶", "description": "逐步恢复活动度、肩袖及肩胛耐力，抗阻屈肘依术式安排" }, { "phase": "回归", "description": "通过力量、运动控制和渐进投掷负荷评估后回归" } ], "redFlags": [ "外伤后肩变形、手臂冰冷或持续麻木需急诊", "突然明显无力或活动受限应及时复诊" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-20", "updatedAt": "2026-10-20", "sources": [ { "title": "SLAP Tears in the Shoulder", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/slap-tears/" }, { "title": "Sham surgery versus labral repair or biceps tenodesis for type II SLAP lesions: randomised trial (2017)", "organization": "British Journal of Sports Medicine", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-097098" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/slap-lesion/", "relatedTerms": [ "glenoid-labrum", "proximal-biceps-tendon-tear" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "slap-imaging-surgery-decision" ] }, { "slug": "acromioclavicular-joint-separation", "englishName": "Acromioclavicular joint separation", "abbreviation": "AC", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "肩锁关节脱位", "aliases": [ "肩锁关节分离", "肩锁韧带损伤", "Acromioclavicular joint separation", "AC" ], "definition": "锁骨远端与肩峰之间的关节因韧带损伤失去正常稳定，较重者伴喙锁韧带断裂；与肱骨头脱位不同。", "clinical": "评估垂直及水平不稳、皮肤状况和肩胛功能。低级别多先保守；Ⅲ型常可先康复，严重移位或持续功能障碍需个体化评估重建，不能只按外观隆起决定。", "clarification": "复位影像更整齐不必然代表更好的功能；Ⅲ型手术与非手术比较需同时考虑并发症和恢复过程。", "symptoms": [ "肩顶局部痛、肿胀和锁骨端突出", "横抱手臂、背包或撑地疼痛" ], "causes": [ "跌倒直接撞肩", "运动碰撞导致肩锁及喙锁结构受力" ], "diagnostics": [ "查体及双侧对照X线，评估移位方向", "必要时补充影像排除骨折等合并损伤" ], "treatments": [ "吊带短期保护、止痛并逐步活动", "高等级或持续有症状不稳讨论手术，结合工作运动需求" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "保护", "description": "减轻疼痛并保留肘腕活动，避免压肩" }, { "phase": "恢复", "description": "逐步恢复肩活动度及肩胛肩袖力量" }, { "phase": "返场", "description": "无明显疼痛，力量、控制和碰撞耐受达标后回归" } ], "redFlags": [ "皮肤被骨端顶紧、开放伤或明显神经血管异常需急诊", "持续肩胛失控或功能下降需复评" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-20", "updatedAt": "2026-10-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Shoulder Separation", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/shoulder-separation/" }, { "title": "Surgical Versus Nonsurgical Treatment for Acute Rockwood Type 3 Acromioclavicular Injury: Randomized Trial (2023)", "organization": "Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10467399/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/acromioclavicular-joint-separation/", "relatedTerms": [ "shoulder-dislocation", "rotator-cuff" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "ac-joint-type-three-rehab-first" ] }, { "slug": "distal-biceps-tendon-rupture", "englishName": "Distal biceps tendon rupture", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "肱二头肌远端肌腱断裂", "aliases": [ "远端二头肌腱撕裂", "肘部二头肌腱断裂", "Distal biceps tendon rupture" ], "definition": "二头肌连接桡骨粗隆的远端肌腱部分或完全断裂，影响前臂旋后及屈肘力量。", "clinical": "完全断裂通常无法自行重新附着到原骨止点。高力量需求者常讨论修复；低需求、手术风险较高或难以完成康复者可选择非手术并接受力量损失。及时评估有助于保留直接修复机会。", "clarification": "仍能屈肘或疼痛很快减轻，均不能排除完全断裂；近端与远端二头肌断裂的功能影响和治疗不同。", "symptoms": [ "肘前弹响、瘀斑、肿胀或肌腹上移", "旋后无力，拧物或提物耐力下降" ], "causes": [ "屈肘抗阻时被突然拉直", "吸烟及某些药物暴露可能增加肌腱损伤风险" ], "diagnostics": [ "由医生检查肌腱连续性、Hook试验及旋后力量", "超声或MRI用于不明确及部分撕裂，X线排除骨伤" ], "treatments": [ "部分且功能尚好的损伤可先保护康复", "完全撕裂按需求评估修复，并沟通神经损伤、僵硬等风险" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "保护", "description": "依修复固定采用支具，避免抗阻屈肘和旋后" }, { "phase": "恢复", "description": "按许可增加活动度，再逐渐加强力量" }, { "phase": "回归", "description": "恢复力量耐力并通过职业或运动负荷评估，通常需数月" } ], "redFlags": [ "伤后明显旋后无力应尽快就诊", "手部冰冷、苍白或进行性麻木应急诊" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-20", "updatedAt": "2026-10-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Biceps Tendon Tear at the Elbow", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/biceps-tendon-tear-at-the-elbow/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/distal-biceps-tendon-rupture/", "relatedTerms": [ "proximal-biceps-tendon-tear", "cubital-tunnel-syndrome" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "distal-biceps-preserved-flexion", "distal-biceps-repair-resisted-curls" ] }, { "slug": "distal-triceps-tendon-rupture", "englishName": "Distal triceps tendon rupture", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "肱三头肌远端肌腱断裂", "aliases": [ "三头肌腱撕裂", "伸肘肌腱断裂", "Distal triceps tendon rupture" ], "definition": "连接肱三头肌与尺骨鹰嘴的肌腱部分或完全断裂，削弱主动伸肘及撑推能力。", "clinical": "重点评估伸肘功能与撕裂程度。部分撕裂且功能保留者可考虑支具与康复；完全断裂或明显功能缺损者常需讨论修复。慢性病、药物暴露和组织质量会影响愈合及方案。", "clarification": "能抬起前臂不能单独排除撕裂；周围纤维可能保留部分伸肘，应避免用俯卧撑自行测试。", "symptoms": [ "肘后疼痛、肿胀或瘀斑", "伸肘无力、推门或起身撑扶困难" ], "causes": [ "跌倒撑地或强力离心收缩", "直接打击，肌腱退变或全身疾病相关风险" ], "diagnostics": [ "检查肘后肌腱缺损及抗重力伸肘", "X线找撕脱骨片，按需超声或MRI评估范围" ], "treatments": [ "保护、适当止痛并限制诱发负荷", "依据功能和撕裂情况选择修复，讨论再断裂及僵硬风险" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "保护", "description": "支具及屈曲角度按修复方案，避免抗阻伸肘" }, { "phase": "恢复", "description": "控制下恢复活动，再逐步力量训练" }, { "phase": "回归", "description": "伸肘力量与撑推耐受达标后恢复专项" } ], "redFlags": [ "突然失去主动伸肘能力应尽快评估", "开放伤、手部冰冷或进行性麻木需急诊" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-20", "updatedAt": "2026-10-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Triceps Tendon Tear at the Elbow", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/triceps-tendon-tear-at-the-elbow/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/distal-triceps-tendon-rupture/", "relatedTerms": [ "distal-biceps-tendon-rupture", "tendinopathy" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "triceps-partial-tear-pushup-risk" ] }, { "slug": "mallet-finger", "englishName": "Mallet finger", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "锤状指", "aliases": [ "棒球指", "末节伸肌腱损伤", "Mallet finger" ], "definition": "末节指骨伸肌腱止点断裂或伴骨性撕脱，导致远端指间关节不能主动完全伸直。", "clinical": "多数闭合且关节对位稳定者可用持续伸直支具治疗，常需6—8周或更久，再按医嘱逐渐减用。较大移位骨片、关节半脱位、开放伤或保守失败者需手外科评估手术。", "clarification": "支具疗效依赖持续正确佩戴；短暂屈曲也可能影响愈合。少量残余下垂不一定影响功能。", "symptoms": [ "指尖下垂、无法主动伸直但可被动扶直", "关节背侧痛肿，骨性损伤可有瘀斑" ], "causes": [ "球撞指尖，使伸直中的末节被迫屈曲", "日常活动的突然屈曲或切割伤" ], "diagnostics": [ "分别检查主动和被动伸直及皮肤", "X线评估撕脱骨片大小、移位和关节对位" ], "treatments": [ "支具保持末节伸直，同时保留其他关节活动", "清洁时托住指尖，避免过伸勒压和皮肤浸渍" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "固定", "description": "持续保持医嘱位置，定期检查皮肤及支具" }, { "phase": "活动", "description": "确认稳定后按指导开始轻柔屈伸，必要时夜间继续保护" }, { "phase": "返场", "description": "考虑球类碰撞风险，按功能与愈合调整保护" } ], "redFlags": [ "开放伤、甲床损伤或手指冰冷发白需及时处理", "下垂加重、支具压伤或近端关节过伸需复诊" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-20", "updatedAt": "2026-10-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Mallet Finger (Baseball Finger)", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/mallet-finger-baseball-finger/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/mallet-finger/", "relatedTerms": [ "jersey-finger", "thumb-ulnar-collateral-ligament-injury" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "mallet-finger-splint-hygiene", "mallet-finger-residual-lag-function" ] }, { "slug": "jersey-finger", "englishName": "Jersey finger", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "球衣指", "aliases": [ "指深屈肌腱止点撕脱", "泽西指", "Jersey finger" ], "definition": "手指深屈肌腱从末节指骨止点撕脱，可伴骨片，使远端指间关节无法主动屈曲。", "clinical": "常见于抓住球衣时手指被强行拉直，无名指较常受累。应尽快手外科评估，肌腱回缩、血供及骨片决定修复时机和方式；高功能需求的急性损伤通常考虑手术。", "clarification": "近端关节能弯曲或X线正常均不能排除。拖延可能造成回缩粘连，部分陈旧伤需要更复杂重建。", "symptoms": [ "指尖不能主动弯曲，抓握无力", "掌侧疼痛、肿胀或可触及回缩肌腱" ], "causes": [ "屈曲抓握时被迫伸直", "强力牵拉或运动抓扯" ], "diagnostics": [ "固定中节后分别检查末节主动屈曲", "X线寻找骨片，必要时超声或MRI判断回缩" ], "treatments": [ "保护手指、暂停强力抓握并及时转诊", "依据损伤类型修复肌腱或固定骨片；无法手术者讨论功能代偿" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "保护", "description": "术后按手外科方案使用保护支具" }, { "phase": "滑动", "description": "手治疗师指导受控肌腱滑动，平衡粘连与再断裂风险" }, { "phase": "力量", "description": "获准后渐进抓握，通常数月后再评估重负荷" } ], "redFlags": [ "新发末节不能屈曲需尽快专科检查", "开放伤、指尖苍白冰冷或感觉异常需急诊" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-24", "updatedAt": "2026-10-24", "sources": [ { "title": "Jersey Finger", "organization": "American Society for Surgery of the Hand (ASSH)", "url": "https://assh.my.site.com/handcare/condition/jersey-finger" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/jersey-finger/", "relatedTerms": [ "mallet-finger", "tendinopathy" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "jersey-finger-normal-xray" ] }, { "slug": "thumb-ulnar-collateral-ligament-injury", "englishName": "Thumb ulnar collateral ligament injury", "abbreviation": "UCL", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "拇指尺侧副韧带损伤", "aliases": [ "滑雪拇", "猎场看守人拇指", "Thumb ulnar collateral ligament injury", "UCL" ], "definition": "拇指掌指关节尺侧稳定韧带拉伤或断裂，影响捏持；完全移位撕裂可形成Stener损伤。", "clinical": "治疗取决于稳定性、骨片移位及韧带是否被拇收肌腱膜阻隔。稳定的部分损伤多用拇指支具保护；明显不稳、Stener损伤或不稳定骨片通常需手外科讨论修复。", "clarification": "滑雪只是常见机制，球类或跌倒也能造成；不要自行反复侧掰判断是否断裂。", "symptoms": [ "拇指根部尺侧疼痛、肿胀或瘀斑", "捏钥匙、拧瓶盖无力，关节不稳" ], "causes": [ "拇指被强行向外扳开", "滑雪杖牵拉、跌倒或球撞" ], "diagnostics": [ "医生评估应力稳定性及骨压痛", "X线查骨片，超声或MRI评估移位及Stener损伤" ], "treatments": [ "稳定部分伤使用拇指支具、调整活动", "完全不稳者评估修复或重建，依组织质量与伤龄选择" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "保护", "description": "限制掌指关节侧向负荷，照护支具皮肤" }, { "phase": "活动", "description": "经复评后恢复活动度并逐渐捏握" }, { "phase": "回归", "description": "稳定、捏力和专项控制恢复后再接触运动" } ], "redFlags": [ "明显畸形、皮肤伤口或指端冰冷需急诊", "持续捏持无力或不稳应及时专科评估" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-24", "updatedAt": "2026-10-24", "sources": [ { "title": "Sprained Thumb", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/sprained-thumb/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/thumb-ulnar-collateral-ligament-injury/", "relatedTerms": [ "mallet-finger", "jersey-finger" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "thumb-ucl-stener-lesion" ] }, { "slug": "peroneal-tendon-instability", "englishName": "Peroneal tendon instability", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "腓骨肌腱不稳定", "aliases": [ "腓骨肌腱半脱位", "腓骨肌腱脱位", "Peroneal tendon instability" ], "definition": "腓骨长短肌腱在外踝后方沟内发生异常滑动或越过腓骨，常与上腓骨肌支持带损伤相关。", "clinical": "分急性脱位、反复脱位及鞘内不稳，也需检查伴随肌腱撕裂和踝外侧韧带伤。非运动员急性病例可考虑固定，但需说明复发风险；运动员或慢性症状性不稳常需讨论手术稳定。", "clarification": "静态MRI正常不能完全排除动态跳脱；单纯无痛声音与有症状不稳不能混为一谈。", "symptoms": [ "外踝后侧弹跳感、疼痛或肿胀", "变向不稳、足外翻无力" ], "causes": [ "踝背屈外翻时肌肉强力收缩", "支持带损伤及沟形态、局部拥挤等因素" ], "diagnostics": [ "查体结合动态超声观察跳脱", "MRI评估肌腱及支持带，X线排除骨折" ], "treatments": [ "选择性固定保护及后续力量平衡训练", "反复症状者按情况修复支持带、处理肌腱及骨沟" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "保护", "description": "避免诱发跳脱，负重按固定或修复方案" }, { "phase": "恢复", "description": "获准后恢复活动、腓骨肌力量及平衡" }, { "phase": "返场", "description": "渐进跑跳变向，确认无痛且无反复跳脱" } ], "redFlags": [ "外伤后持续跳脱应尽快评估", "足冰冷麻木、畸形或无法负重需及时就医" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-24", "updatedAt": "2026-10-24", "sources": [ { "title": "Peroneal Tendon Injuries", "organization": "American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (ACFAS)", "url": "https://www.foothealthfacts.org/conditions/peroneal-tendon-injuries" }, { "title": "The ESSKA-AFAS international consensus statement on peroneal tendon pathologies (2018)", "organization": "ESSKA-AFAS / Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6154028/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/peroneal-tendon-instability/", "relatedTerms": [ "ankle-sprain", "ankle-syndesmosis-injury" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "peroneal-subluxation-dynamic-ultrasound" ] }, { "slug": "osteochondral-lesion-of-talus", "englishName": "Osteochondral lesion of the talus", "abbreviation": "OLT", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "距骨骨软骨损伤", "aliases": [ "距骨穹隆损伤", "距骨骨软骨缺损", "Osteochondral lesion of the talus", "OLT" ], "definition": "踝关节距骨关节面软骨及其下方骨组织的局灶损伤，可伴骨软骨块、软骨下囊肿或骨髓水肿。", "clinical": "关注症状、范围深度和稳定性，也需评估踝不稳与下肢力线。稳定且症状较轻者可先减负荷、支具和康复；游离或移位骨块、持续机械卡顿或规范保守无效者应评估手术。", "clarification": "面积不能单独决定微骨折、固定或移植；不同技术适用条件和证据强度不同，修复后仍可能有疼痛或退变。", "symptoms": [ "踝深部负重痛、反复肿胀", "卡顿交锁或运动后持续不适" ], "causes": [ "踝扭伤、骨折等外伤", "反复微损伤，部分病例原因不明" ], "diagnostics": [ "查稳定性、后足力线和活动度，X线可能漏诊", "MRI看软骨骨髓，CT辅助骨缺损和囊肿规划" ], "treatments": [ "适当保护负重、力量平衡康复", "据骨块、深度、软骨面和既往手术选固定、骨髓刺激或移植" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "减负", "description": "根据症状及手术限制保护关节面" }, { "phase": "恢复", "description": "逐步活动与力量训练，负重依修复方式" }, { "phase": "运动", "description": "通过肿胀、力量及冲击负荷评估后渐进跑跳" } ], "redFlags": [ "关节突然锁住、不能负重或症状持续加重需就诊", "发热红肿或足部神经血管异常需急诊" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-24", "updatedAt": "2026-10-24", "sources": [ { "title": "Talar Dome Lesion", "organization": "American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (ACFAS)", "url": "https://www.foothealthfacts.org/conditions/talar-dome-lesion" }, { "title": "Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus: Diagnosis and Conservative Management, 2023 Recommendations", "organization": "DGOU / Cartilage", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10601568/" }, { "title": "Operative management of osteochondral lesions of the talus: 2024 recommendations", "organization": "DGOU / EFORT Open Reviews", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10958247/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/osteochondral-lesion-of-talus/", "relatedTerms": [ "articular-cartilage", "ankle-sprain", "arthroscopy" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "talar-lesion-size-not-only-factor" ] }, { "slug": "jones-fracture", "englishName": "Jones fracture", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "Jones骨折", "aliases": [ "第五跖骨二区骨折", "琼斯骨折", "Jones fracture" ], "definition": "第五跖骨近端干骺交界区、常延伸至第四五跖骨间关节面的骨折，需与基底结节撕脱骨折区分。", "clinical": "局部血供条件使延迟愈合和骨不连值得关注。根据急慢性、移位、既往应力痛及运动需求选择限制负重固定或内固定；高水平运动员及不愈合者更常讨论手术，仍需遵守愈合过程。", "clarification": "第五跖骨近端所有骨折不能统称Jones；有螺钉或疼痛减轻都不代表已可跑跳。", "symptoms": [ "足外侧局部压痛、肿胀或瘀斑", "负重疼痛，部分先有渐进应力痛" ], "causes": [ "足部内收扭转或外侧负荷", "重复跑跳应力及足部力学因素" ], "diagnostics": [ "X线明确分区、移位与硬化", "疑似应力伤而X线阴性时按需MRI，CT可辅助判断愈合" ], "treatments": [ "石膏或靴保护及限制负重，定期复查", "按风险考虑螺钉固定，延迟愈合另评估骨健康及植骨等" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "保护", "description": "按骨折稳定性限制负重和冲击" }, { "phase": "恢复", "description": "愈合允许后恢复步态、小腿力量及平衡" }, { "phase": "跑跳", "description": "结合影像、局部压痛和负荷反应渐进，留意再骨折" } ], "redFlags": [ "足变形、伤口或冰冷麻木需急诊", "恢复期原部位疼痛复发应暂停冲击并复诊" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-24", "updatedAt": "2026-10-24", "sources": [ { "title": "Jones Fracture", "organization": "American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS)", "url": "https://www.footcaremd.org/foot-and-ankle-conditions/midfoot/jones-fracture" }, { "title": "Fractures of the Fifth Metatarsal", "organization": "American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (ACFAS)", "url": "https://www.foothealthfacts.org/conditions/fractures-of-the-fifth-metatarsal" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/jones-fracture/", "relatedTerms": [ "stress-fracture", "lisfranc-injury" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "fifth-metatarsal-avulsion-versus-jones", "jones-fracture-painfree-not-union" ] }, { "slug": "accessory-navicular-syndrome", "englishName": "Accessory navicular syndrome", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "副舟骨综合征", "aliases": [ "疼痛性副舟骨", "症状性副舟骨", "Accessory navicular syndrome" ], "definition": "足内侧舟骨附近的附加骨或其连接部、胫后肌腱区域出现疼痛，属于有症状的解剖变异。", "clinical": "不少副舟骨终生无症状，不需预防切除。疼痛病例需确认压痛来源、足弓和胫后肌腱功能；先减少摩擦及负荷，部分需短期靴保护，顽固症状再讨论切除及肌腱处理。", "clarification": "足弓较低并不自动需要手术；只在影像发现副舟骨，不能断定它就是全部疼痛来源。", "symptoms": [ "内侧足弓骨突处压痛、红肿或鞋摩擦痛", "运动后酸痛，部分伴足弓低平" ], "causes": [ "鞋具压力、过度负荷或扭伤", "副舟骨连接部及胫后肌腱受刺激" ], "diagnostics": [ "站立足弓、步态、踮脚及肌腱功能评估", "X线确定变异，持续不明症状时MRI评估水肿及肌腱" ], "treatments": [ "减负荷、宽松鞋具和合适足弓支撑，按需固定", "持续影响生活且保守无效者讨论手术，并评估是否需处理力线" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "缓解", "description": "避免直接摩擦，降低跑跳并维持无痛活动" }, { "phase": "重建", "description": "疼痛允许时恢复足踝力量、提踵和平衡" }, { "phase": "回归", "description": "步行及单腿功能可耐受后逐增跑跳，术后依肌腱修复保护" } ], "redFlags": [ "扭伤后无法负重或局部剧烈骨痛需排除骨折", "红肿伴发热、足部感觉血运异常需及时就医" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-28", "updatedAt": "2026-10-28", "sources": [ { "title": "Accessory Navicular Syndrome", "organization": "American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (ACFAS)", "url": "https://www.foothealthfacts.org/conditions/accessory-navicular-syndrome-(1)" }, { "title": "Accessory navicular", "organization": "The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids)", "url": "https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/accessory-navicular" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/accessory-navicular-syndrome/", "relatedTerms": [ "plantar-fasciitis", "tarsal-coalition" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "accessory-navicular-asymptomatic" ] }, { "slug": "tarsal-coalition", "englishName": "Tarsal coalition", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "跗骨联合", "aliases": [ "跗骨融合", "先天性跗骨连接", "Tarsal coalition" ], "definition": "两个或多个跗骨之间存在异常骨性、软骨性或纤维性连接，常见于跟舟骨或距跟骨，限制后足活动。", "clinical": "可无症状，也可在青春期骨化后出现疼痛和僵硬。无症状通常观察；有症状先调节活动、鞋垫或短期固定。持续疼痛者根据连接范围、关节退变和力线选择切除联合或融合等手术。", "clarification": "僵硬性平足与常见柔韧性平足处理不同；强行拉开受限关节不能消除异常连接，手术也需匹配解剖条件。", "symptoms": [ "足踝深部痛、后足内外翻受限", "僵硬平足、易疲劳或反复踝扭伤" ], "causes": [ "多与胚胎发育时骨分离异常有关", "症状可随生长、重复负荷或外伤出现" ], "diagnostics": [ "观察足弓、踮脚及距下活动度", "X线初评，CT显示骨性范围，MRI帮助识别非骨性连接" ], "treatments": [ "无症状无需治疗；疼痛者减负荷、支撑或固定", "保守无效者评估切除，严重退变等情况可讨论融合" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "舒缓", "description": "减少疼痛诱因并维持可耐受活动" }, { "phase": "康复", "description": "解除固定后恢复力量平衡，避免强行突破结构限制" }, { "phase": "回归", "description": "以步行、后足功能及专项耐受渐进，术后按方案负重" } ], "redFlags": [ "突然无法负重、明显外伤肿胀需排除骨折", "疼痛持续恶化、发热或麻木需复评" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-28", "updatedAt": "2026-10-28", "sources": [ { "title": "Tarsal Coalition", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/tarsal-coalition/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/tarsal-coalition/", "relatedTerms": [ "accessory-navicular-syndrome", "ankle-sprain" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "tarsal-coalition-rigid-flatfoot" ] }, { "slug": "hallux-rigidus", "englishName": "Hallux rigidus", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "拇僵硬", "aliases": [ "拇趾僵硬", "第一跖趾关节骨关节炎", "Hallux rigidus" ], "definition": "第一跖趾关节退变导致软骨磨损、骨赘与活动受限，常表现为大脚趾向上翘和蹬地疼痛。", "clinical": "先依据症状、剩余活动度及影像磨损评估。宽鞋头、硬底或摇椅底鞋、适当鞋垫及止痛可降低负荷；持续受限时，较早期背侧撞击可考虑骨赘切除，严重关节炎可讨论融合等方案。", "clarification": "融合可缓解疼痛但永久取消该关节活动，置换也存在植入物与翻修风险；没有适合所有运动者的单一术式。", "symptoms": [ "蹬地、上坡或深蹲时拇趾根部痛僵", "关节背侧骨突磨鞋，活动度逐渐下降" ], "causes": [ "年龄相关退变、既往关节外伤", "个体解剖、力学及家族因素" ], "diagnostics": [ "查体评估疼痛发生角度与剩余活动", "站立X线评估间隙和骨赘，急性红热需鉴别痛风或感染" ], "treatments": [ "鞋具改造、负荷调整与适当镇痛", "保守不足时结合磨损程度与需求选择保关节或融合" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "非手术", "description": "选择低刺激运动并维持邻近关节力量" }, { "phase": "术后", "description": "骨赘切除与融合康复不同，负重依术式及愈合" }, { "phase": "回归", "description": "恢复步态推蹬策略和耐力，再评估跑步或竞技需求" } ], "redFlags": [ "突然红热肿痛伴发热应及时就医", "伤口渗液、足趾冰冷或感觉异常需尽快评估" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-28", "updatedAt": "2026-10-28", "sources": [ { "title": "Hallux Rigidus (Stiff Big Toe)", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/stiff-big-toe-hallux-rigidus/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/hallux-rigidus/", "relatedTerms": [ "articular-cartilage", "jones-fracture" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "hallux-rigidus-fusion-sport" ] }, { "slug": "meniscal-root-tear", "englishName": "Meniscal root tear", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "半月板根部撕裂", "aliases": [ "半月板后根损伤", "半月板根部撕脱", "Meniscal root tear" ], "definition": "半月板骨性附着根部撕脱或紧邻根部的径向撕裂，可破坏环向张力传递，导致半月板外突和关节接触压力增大。", "clinical": "内侧后根损伤常见退变背景，外侧后根可伴ACL损伤。治疗综合症状、软骨状态、骨关节炎、力线和康复配合度；关节环境较好者可考虑修复，明显内翻或晚期退变需讨论其他方案。", "clarification": "年龄或MRI单项不能决定手术，修复也不能保证阻止关节炎。无症状损伤的最佳处理仍有争议。", "symptoms": [ "膝内侧或后方负重痛、下蹲疼痛", "突然弹响、积液或功能下降，也可不典型" ], "causes": [ "深屈膝负荷及退变", "旋转外伤，外侧根部常伴交叉韧带伤" ], "diagnostics": [ "MRI评估根部、外突及软骨；结合查体", "站立X线评估关节磨损，按需下肢全长片看力线" ], "treatments": [ "负荷调整、力量训练及适当镇痛适用于部分患者", "可修复者评估根部固定，内翻按需截骨，晚期关节炎另选方案" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "保护", "description": "根部修复后限制负重和深屈膝，按术式执行" }, { "phase": "恢复", "description": "逐步恢复步态、活动度及股四头肌控制" }, { "phase": "运动", "description": "愈合、积液、肌力与功能综合达标，避免只看周数" } ], "redFlags": [ "突然交锁、不能负重或明显加重疼痛需就医", "术后发热伤口渗液，或小腿突发肿痛需及时评估" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-28", "updatedAt": "2026-10-28", "sources": [ { "title": "International Delphi Consensus on Medial Meniscal Root Tears (2025)", "organization": "Arthroscopy", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2025.06.028" }, { "title": "Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Lateral Meniscal Lesions (2022)", "organization": "Chinese Society of Sports Medicine / Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9747892/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/meniscal-root-tear/", "relatedTerms": [ "meniscus", "articular-cartilage", "anterior-cruciate-ligament" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "meniscus-root-repair-cartilage-alignment", "meniscus-root-repair-deep-squat" ] }, { "slug": "relative-energy-deficiency-in-sport", "englishName": "Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport", "abbreviation": "REDs", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "损伤与疾病", "name": "运动员相对能量不足综合征", "aliases": [ "运动相对能量缺乏", "RED-S", "Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport", "REDs" ], "definition": "长期或严重的低能量可用性造成的多系统健康与运动表现受损，可影响骨骼、生殖、代谢、免疫及心理，任何性别和体型均可能发生。", "clinical": "低能量可用性指扣除运动消耗后，维持生理功能的能量不足。应由医生、运动营养师及必要的心理团队评估，恢复足够供能并调整训练。诊断需排除其他病因，不能凭体重、单次血检或计算值下结论。", "clarification": "体重正常、训练成绩暂时不错也不能排除；激素药物造成的出血不能证明自然月经或能量状态已恢复。", "symptoms": [ "持续疲劳、恢复慢、反复伤病或表现下降", "骨应力损伤、月经紊乱或性欲下降，可伴情绪和饮食困扰" ], "causes": [ "摄入未随训练量增加，可能无意发生", "限制饮食、体重压力或进食障碍等因素" ], "diagnostics": [ "综合饮食训练史、生殖功能、体检及必要血检", "按风险评估骨密度和骨损伤，IOC REDs CAT2须由专业人员结合临床使用" ], "treatments": [ "个体化增加供能、调整训练和处理营养缺乏", "有进食障碍或高风险情况需多学科治疗，必要时暂停训练" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "稳定", "description": "先处理医疗风险并建立规律足够的饮食" }, { "phase": "恢复", "description": "随访症状、内分泌和骨健康，恢复速度可不同" }, { "phase": "返赛", "description": "根据风险分层和治疗进展逐步增加训练，不能只看体重" } ], "redFlags": [ "晕厥、胸痛、明显虚弱或疑似严重营养不良需急评", "自伤风险或无法维持饮食饮水应立即求助" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-28", "updatedAt": "2026-10-28", "sources": [ { "title": "2023 IOC consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs)", "organization": "International Olympic Committee / British Journal of Sports Medicine", "url": "https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/57/17/1073" }, { "title": "Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea: Clinical Practice Guideline (2017)", "organization": "Endocrine Society", "url": "https://www.endocrine.org/clinical-practice-guidelines/hypothalamic-amenorrhea" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-cn/sports-medicine-dictionary/relative-energy-deficiency-in-sport/", "relatedTerms": [ "stress-fracture", "tendinopathy" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "reds-normal-weight-male-athlete", "reds-contraceptive-withdrawal-bleed" ] } ] }