{ "schemaVersion": 1, "language": "zh-tw", "title": "運動醫學詞典", "terms": [ { "slug": "anterior-cruciate-ligament", "englishName": "Anterior cruciate ligament", "abbreviation": "ACL", "category": "anatomy", "categoryLabel": "解剖結構", "name": "前十字韌帶", "aliases": [ "前交叉韌帶", "ACL", "膝前十字韌帶" ], "definition": "前十字韌帶位於膝關節腔中央，連接股骨外側髁與脛骨髁間隆起，主要功能在於限制脛骨過度前移並協同維持膝關節的旋轉動態穩定。", "clinical": "前十字韌帶斷裂是運動傷害中最常見的重大膝關節創傷。受傷後常伴隨關節急性積血與顯著錯動不穩。臨床處置需綜合評估患者關節不穩程度、年齡、運動需求及是否合併半月板或軟骨損傷，擬定階梯保守治療或關節鏡微創重建方案。", "clarification": "能夠自主行走絕不代表韌帶完好。前十字韌帶完全斷裂後，直線平地行走往往無劇痛，但在急停、旋轉或變向時會出現明顯的「打軟腿」與錯位感；是否手術取決於動態穩定度及預防長期軟骨退化，而非單純依據能否走路判斷。", "symptoms": [ "受傷瞬間膝關節內清晰可聞的「啪」（Pop）斷裂聲或撕裂感", "受傷後 1-4 小時內迅速出現的關節嚴重張力性腫脹與關節腔積血", "行走、轉身或下樓梯時突發「軟腿」、錯位感與關節不穩感", "急性期膝關節伸直或深蹲活動度明顯受限伴承重劇痛" ], "causes": [ "非接觸性急停減速、突然變向或軀幹旋轉扭轉（佔 70% 以上）", "跳躍著地時膝關節外翻（Knee Valgus）且足部固定的動態失穩狀態", "膝關節過度伸展外力或來自側方的直接碰撞" ], "diagnostics": [ "專科理學檢查：Lachman 試驗（前向位移最敏感指標）、前抽屜試驗與軸移試驗（Pivot-Shift）", "高解析度膝關節 3.0T MRI：精準確認韌帶斷裂程度（完全 vs 部分撕裂）與受損位置", "X 光檢查：排除脛骨髁間隆起撕脫性骨折或 Segond 骨折" ], "treatments": [ "治療依功能不穩、合併損傷及運動需求選擇。功能穩定者可嘗試結構化復健，反覆不穩或高需求運動者可討論重建；年齡不能單獨決定治療。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "復健適用範圍與進階", "description": "前十字韌帶重建後：早期控制腫脹、恢復伸直及股四頭肌控制；負重和支具依合併修復調整。跑步及變向須通過症狀、肌力和動作評估；復賽還須考慮移植物癒合、心理準備和專項負荷，單憑 LSI 達標不足以放行。" } ], "redFlags": [ "傷後膝關節極度緊繃腫脹且劇痛難耐，浮髕試驗強陽性（顯示關節大量積血）", "膝關節完全卡死交鎖無法自行伸直（警惕合併桶柄狀半月板撕裂卡入髁間窩）", "小腿或足部出現蒼白、冰冷、麻木或足背脈搏減弱（必須急診排除神經血管損傷）" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-04", "sources": [ { "title": "Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injuries", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/anterior-cruciate-ligament-acl-injuries/" }, { "title": "ACL Tear: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment", "organization": "Cleveland Clinic", "url": "https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16576-acl-tear" }, { "title": "Aspetar clinical practice guideline on rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction", "organization": "British Journal of Sports Medicine (BJSM)", "url": "https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/57/9/500" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/anterior-cruciate-ligament/", "relatedTerms": [ "meniscus", "proprioception", "arthroscopy", "articular-cartilage" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "acl-need-surgery", "acl-can-walk", "acl-pop-sound", "acl-rapid-swelling", "acl-return-to-contact-sport" ] }, { "slug": "meniscus", "englishName": "Meniscus", "category": "anatomy", "categoryLabel": "解剖結構", "name": "半月板", "aliases": [ "內側半月板", "外側半月板", "膝半月板" ], "definition": "半月板是位於膝關節股骨髁與脛骨平台之間的兩塊月牙形纖維軟骨墊（分為內側與外側半月板），主要承擔傳導負荷、吸收震波衝擊、潤滑關節並輔助膝關節動態穩定的生理功能。", "clinical": "半月板損傷分為年輕人運動性旋轉扭傷與中老年人退化性撕裂。臨床處置需綜合評估撕裂形態（縱向、放射狀、水平、桶柄狀、根部撕裂）、血液供應分區（紅區、紅白區、白區）及卡鎖症狀。現代運動醫學倡導「能修復則修復，最大化保留半月板」之保膝原則，以延緩關節軟骨退化。", "clarification": "半月板是纖維軟骨墊，與骨端表面的透明關節軟骨不同；MRI 報告顯示「半月板退化或撕裂」並不等於必須手術切除。中老年無卡鎖症狀的退化性撕裂，首選階梯保守復健；年輕急性撕裂或伴有關節交鎖者應儘早評估縫合修復。", "symptoms": [ "膝關節內側或外側關節間隙明確的固定壓痛與扭轉時刺痛", "膝關節突發彈響、交鎖（「卡住」無法伸直或彎曲）", "運動或長途行走後反覆發作的輕至中度關節腫脹與積水", "上下樓梯、深蹲或盤腿坐時膝蓋痠軟無力、發軟" ], "causes": [ "運動急性創傷：屈膝負重狀態下的劇烈扭轉或急停旋轉（常合併前十字韌帶損傷）", "退化性磨損：隨年齡增長纖維軟骨彈性降低，在頻繁深蹲或輕微扭轉中產生退化性撕裂", "先天性盤狀半月板：外側半月板異常肥厚且質地脆弱，極易在輕度外力下撕裂" ], "diagnostics": [ "病史、關節間隙壓痛及專科試驗用於初步評估；MRI 協助判斷撕裂形態和合併損傷。X 光評估骨或關節退變，全長片依力線評估需要選擇；不要求所有患者使用 3.0T MRI。" ], "treatments": [ "階梯保守治療：針對退化性撕裂、無機械卡鎖的小撕裂，給予負荷調控、消炎止痛與肌力訓練", "關節鏡半月板縫合修復術（Meniscal Repair）：針對紅區/紅白區血供良好撕裂的首選保膝手術", "關節鏡半月板部分切除修整術（Partial Meniscectomy）：僅針對無修復條件的白區嚴重碎裂，修除游離邊緣" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "復健適用範圍與進階", "description": "半月板縫合、根部修復和部分切除的負重及屈膝限制不同。先依術式保護組織，再恢復步態和肌力；跑跳及變向須經症狀、癒合和功能評估後逐步增加。" } ], "redFlags": [ "膝關節真正卡鎖、無法伸直時應儘快就診，避免強行扳動；是否需要手術由專科評估。明顯紅熱腫脹、發燒或傷後不能負重也須及時評估。" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-04", "sources": [ { "title": "Meniscus Tears: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/meniscus-tears/" }, { "title": "Torn Meniscus: Clinical Presentation and Management", "organization": "Mayo Clinic", "url": "https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/torn-meniscus/symptoms-causes/syc-20354818" }, { "title": "Surgical Repair vs. Meniscectomy for Meniscal Tears: Clinical Guidelines", "organization": "Cleveland Clinic", "url": "https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17219-torn-meniscus" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/meniscus/", "relatedTerms": [ "articular-cartilage", "anterior-cruciate-ligament", "arthroscopy" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "meniscus-repair-vs-meniscectomy", "asymptomatic-meniscus-mri", "meniscus-need-surgery", "locked-knee-meniscus" ] }, { "slug": "rotator-cuff", "englishName": "Rotator cuff", "category": "anatomy", "categoryLabel": "解剖結構", "name": "旋轉肌袖", "aliases": [ "肩袖", "旋轉袖", "肩部肌腱套" ], "definition": "旋轉肌袖是由棘上肌、棘下肌、小圓肌與肩胛下肌四條深層肌腱匯合包覆肱骨頭所構成的動態複合結構，核心功能為將肱骨頭穩定緊壓於肩胛盂窩內，協同三角肌完成手臂外展與多向旋轉。", "clinical": "旋轉肌袖病變包含肩峰下夾擠、肌腱病變、部分撕裂至全層巨大撕裂。典型表現為夜間痛與抬臂無力。治療策略依撕裂全層與否、肌腱回縮程度、脂肪浸潤分級及患者運動需求評估，首選階梯保守或關節鏡微創縫合修補。", "clarification": "肩痛可來自肩袖、關節囊、關節或頸部，不能憑夜間痛診斷。持續疼痛、外傷後無力或活動受限應先就診，由查體結果決定是否進行超音波、MRI 或其他檢查；訓練應避免明顯加重症狀的負荷。", "symptoms": [ "特徵性夜間靜息痛，患側側躺受壓時劇痛難眠", "手臂外展上舉在 60°-120° 角度範圍出現顯著鈍痛（疼痛弧徵）", "穿衣、梳頭、後背扣鈕或拿取高處物品時深層痠痛與無力", "肩關節主動抬高角度明顯受限並伴隨摩擦音" ], "causes": [ "退化性磨損與慢性夾擠：棘上肌腱在肩峰前下方狹窄空間反覆摩擦擠壓", "過度使用與過頂運動：羽球、網球、游泳、排球等反覆過頭揮拍動作", "急性創傷拉扯：跌倒時手掌外展撐地或單手猛力提拉重物引發撕裂" ], "diagnostics": [ "專科理學檢查：Neer 夾擠試驗、Hawkins 試驗、Jobe 空罐試驗及外旋抗阻測試", "肩關節 3.0T 高解析度 MRI：精準判定撕裂大小、肌腱回縮程度及肌肉脂肪浸潤分級", "高頻肌骨超音波：動態評估棘上肌腱滑動情況與全層撕裂斷端" ], "treatments": [ "階梯保守治療：針對退化性部分撕裂，給予消炎止痛、肩胛骨姿態調整與肌力訓練", "關節鏡旋轉肌袖微創修補術（ARCR）：全層撕裂或伴隨肌力減退患者的標準手術", "反式全肩關節置換術（RSA）：針對高齡合併巨大不可修復撕裂及關節退化患者" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "復健適用範圍與進階", "description": "肩袖修補後的支具、被動和主動活動時機取決於撕裂大小、組織品質及固定情況。依團隊方案從保護和活動度過渡到抗阻、過頂動作；保守治療者採相應非手術復健方案。" } ], "redFlags": [ "外傷後突然無法抬臂須儘快評估撕裂、骨折或脫位；紅熱腫脹伴發燒、肢體冰冷或進行性麻木無力須及時急診評估。" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-04", "sources": [ { "title": "Rotator Cuff Tears", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/rotator-cuff-tears/" }, { "title": "Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy and Tears", "organization": "Cleveland Clinic", "url": "https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8291-rotator-cuff-tears" }, { "title": "Diagnosis and Management of Rotator Cuff Tears", "organization": "Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS)", "url": "https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_rotator-cuff-injuries.asp" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/rotator-cuff/", "relatedTerms": [ "glenoid-labrum", "tendinopathy", "arthroscopy" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "rotator-cuff-tear-need-surgery", "frozen-shoulder-vs-rotator-cuff", "night-shoulder-pain-rotator-cuff", "overhead-sport-shoulder-pain" ] }, { "slug": "glenoid-labrum", "englishName": "Glenoid labrum", "category": "anatomy", "categoryLabel": "解剖結構", "name": "肩關節盂唇", "aliases": [ "肩盂唇", "關節盂唇", "Glenoid Labrum" ], "definition": "肩關節盂唇是附著於肩胛盂骨性邊緣的環形緻密纖維軟骨環，可加深肩盂窩深度達 50%，為關節囊韌帶及肱二頭肌長頭腱提供牢固附著錨點，是維持肩關節穩定的核心結構。", "clinical": "盂唇損傷主要包含前方脫位引發的 Bankart 損傷（前下方撕脫造成反覆脫位）及過頂運動引發的 SLAP 損傷（上方盂唇自前向後撕脫）。年輕脫位患者常合併骨缺損，需評估關節鏡縫合或 Latarjet 骨阻擋手術。", "clarification": "盂唇與旋轉肌袖不同；盂唇是軟骨環，肌袖是肌肉肌腱。中老年退化性盂唇信號多為自然老化，不等於必須手術；無脫位不穩症狀的輕度 SLAP 損傷，首選肩胛骨動態平衡復健。", "symptoms": [ "過頂投擲發力瞬間肩關節深部劇痛或「死臂感」", "特定旋轉角度下肩關節內部明顯卡頓感、彈響或交鎖", "手臂外展外旋時突發肩關節鬆動感與脫位恐懼感", "肩部深層痠痛伴投球速度與擊球力量顯著下降" ], "causes": [ "急性創傷性脫位：外力導致肩關節前脫位撕脫前下盂唇（Bankart 損傷）", "反覆過頂牽拉：排球、棒球投擲時二頭肌腱根部反覆牽拉（SLAP 損傷）", "跌倒手撐地衝擊：手臂伸直外展著地引發肱骨頭對肩盂上方的剪切擠壓" ], "diagnostics": [ "專科理學檢查：O'Brien 壓迫試驗、Apprehension 恐懼試驗與復位試驗", "肩關節 MR 造影（MRA）或 3.0T MRI：高靈敏度檢測盂唇撕脫及二頭肌腱止點病變", "肩關節 3D-CT 骨重建：評估肩胛盂骨缺損程度以決定手術方式" ], "treatments": [ "系統保守復健：針對無不穩的輕度 SLAP 損傷，強化肩袖動態穩定與肩胛運動協調", "關節鏡 Bankart / SLAP 微創修復術：年輕脫位或過頂運動員的標準縫合手術", "Latarjet 骨阻擋手術：針對合併嚴重骨缺損或反覆習慣性脫位患者" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "復健適用範圍與進階", "description": "Bankart、SLAP 修復及骨性穩定手術的限制不同，須依術式保護組織並逐步恢復活動度。隨後強化肩袖與肩胛控制，經穩定性、力量及專項評估再恢復投擲或對抗。" } ], "redFlags": [ "肩關節脫出無法自行復位（切忌暴力扳拉，需急診專業復位）", "三角肌區皮膚感覺麻木或三角肌無力（警惕腋神經損傷）", "日常穿衣或睡眠微小動作反覆脫位" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-04", "sources": [ { "title": "SLAP Tears and Shoulder Labrum Injuries", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/slap-tears/" }, { "title": "Shoulder Labral Tears: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Arthroscopic Treatment", "organization": "Cleveland Clinic", "url": "https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21717-shoulder-labral-tear" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/glenoid-labrum/", "relatedTerms": [ "rotator-cuff", "articular-cartilage", "arthroscopy" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "shoulder-slap-tear-symptoms", "recurrent-shoulder-dislocation-surgery", "shoulder-clicking-need-mri", "shoulder-dislocation-self-reduction" ] }, { "slug": "articular-cartilage", "englishName": "Articular cartilage", "category": "anatomy", "categoryLabel": "解剖結構", "name": "關節軟骨", "aliases": [ "透明關節軟骨", "透明軟骨", "Articular Cartilage" ], "definition": "關節軟骨是覆蓋於滑膜關節骨端表面的透明軟骨層，厚度僅約 2-4 毫米，具有極低摩擦係數與優異彈性，能平滑分散關節軸向與剪切負荷。", "clinical": "關節軟骨缺乏血管、淋巴與神經，一旦受損自身修復再生能力極低。局部全層缺損若未及時處理，極易惡化為廣泛性退化性關節炎。臨床依缺損面積、深度（ICRS分級）與部位選擇微骨折、骨軟骨移植或自體軟骨細胞植入術。", "clarification": "局部孤立的軟骨缺損與全關節廣泛磨損的骨關節炎完全不同；適用於年輕局部缺損的手術（如 OATS、MACI）不適用於老年嚴重廣泛退化；目前醫學上亦無口服藥品能讓磨損殆盡的透明軟骨完全逆轉再生。", "symptoms": [ "運動或負重行走後關節深部隱痛、鈍痛與關節發脹感", "關節活動時明顯的粗糙骨摩擦音或摩擦感", "劇烈活動後反覆出現的關節積水與滑膜發炎腫脹", "軟骨剝脫形成游離體時引發關節突發卡住、交鎖" ], "causes": [ "急性高能量創傷：運動扭傷碰撞造成局灶性軟骨骨折（骨軟骨損傷）", "韌帶或半月板缺損：力學失衡引發局部軟骨異常剪切磨損", "剝脫性骨軟骨炎（OCD）：骨下血供受損導致的軟骨及骨質壞死剝脫" ], "diagnostics": [ "高解析度軟骨專用 3.0T MRI（T2-mapping）：精準檢測軟骨裂隙、厚度丟失及軟骨下骨水腫", "負重下肢全長 X 光片：評估力線偏差對軟骨區的異常壓力集中", "關節鏡探針直接觸探：評估軟骨軟化程度與缺損邊緣穩定性（ICRS 標準）" ], "treatments": [ "保守階梯治療：減重、低衝擊運動（游泳/單車）、PRP 關節注射以調節關節腔微環境", "微骨折術（Microfracture）：適用於小面積缺損（< 2 cm²），引導骨髓幹細胞形成纖維軟骨", "先進軟骨移植技術（OATS / MACI 自體軟骨細胞植入）：針對年輕人大面積全層缺損" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "復健適用範圍與進階", "description": "復健取決於缺損位置、大小及是否做軟骨修復。術後負重和活動範圍須依具體術式；逐步恢復力量和功能，影像改善不能單獨決定重返運動。" } ], "redFlags": [ "突發關節卡死交鎖伴劇痛（警惕大塊游離體卡在關節腔）", "關節極度膨脹發熱伴持續劇痛", "完全無法承重站立" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-04", "sources": [ { "title": "Articular Cartilage Restoration Techniques and Guidelines", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/treatment/articular-cartilage-restoration/" }, { "title": "Cartilage Damage and Repair in the Athlete", "organization": "Mayo Clinic", "url": "https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cartilage-repair/about/pac-20384877" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/articular-cartilage/", "relatedTerms": [ "meniscus", "arthroscopy", "platelet-rich-plasma" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "articular-cartilage-self-healing", "cartilage-injury-surgical-repair-options", "black-phosphorus-clinical-use" ] }, { "slug": "tendinopathy", "englishName": "Tendinopathy", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "肌腱病", "aliases": [ "肌腱病變", "慢性肌腱炎", "肌腱末端病", "Tendinopathy" ], "definition": "肌腱病是以負荷相關肌腱疼痛和功能下降為主要特徵的臨床問題，可伴肌腱結構變化，其生物學過程涉及多種因素。", "clinical": "治療以負荷管理和適合受累部位的漸進力量訓練為基礎。復健方案依疼痛反應、功能和運動目標調整，附加治療效果隨病種而異。", "clarification": "長期完全休息可能降低負荷耐受，但訓練也須控制劑量。注射不能取代復健；類固醇和 PRP 的獲益與風險須依病種評估，避免把單一治療推廣到所有肌腱病。", "symptoms": [ "典型「熱身現象」：晨起或剛運動時肌腱痠痛僵硬，活動後暫時緩解，運動結束後數小時疼痛加劇反彈", "患處肌腱明確的局部壓痛、增厚肥大或摸到硬結", "抗阻收縮或拉扯肌腱時誘發局部銳痛（如提踵痛、跳躍痛）", "爆發力下降，運動耐受度與彈力回彈能量儲備顯著降低" ], "causes": [ "負荷管理失衡：訓練量或跳躍衝擊強度短期內過度暴增", "動力鏈肌力失衡：肌肉力量不足或柔軟度下降造成肌腱承受過度牽張", "年齡與代謝因素：隨年齡增長微循環減退，合併高血脂或糖尿病等風險" ], "diagnostics": [ "專科負荷測試與觸診（如單腳離心提踵測試、單腳深蹲跳躍測試）", "高頻肌骨超音波：評估肌腱增厚、膠原排列中斷與異常新生血管增生", "高解析度 MRI 檢查：評估肌腱內部退化信號與排除部分撕裂" ], "treatments": [ "採漸進抗阻訓練並監測反應；持續症狀者重新評估診斷和訓練，再討論震波、注射或手術等選擇及證據限制。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "復健適用範圍與進階", "description": "依受累肌腱和次日症狀調整負荷，從可耐受力量訓練逐步增加抗阻，再恢復彈跳或專項動作。疼痛明顯反彈時降低負荷並複評，劑量和進度須個別化。" } ], "redFlags": [ "運動中肌腱突發劇烈撕裂聲伴隨力量喪失（警惕急性完全斷裂）", "局部摸到明顯凹陷或大片皮下瘀血", "完全無法單腳墊腳站立" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-09", "sources": [ { "title": "Tendinopathy: Clinical Overview, Pathophysiology & Management", "organization": "Cleveland Clinic", "url": "https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22289-tendinopathy" }, { "title": "Revisiting the continuum model of tendon pathology: what is its merit in clinical practice and research?", "organization": "British Journal of Sports Medicine (BJSM)", "url": "https://researchmgt.monash.edu/ws/portalfiles/portal/299136036/80606387_oa.pdf" }, { "title": "Achilles Tendinopathy and Tendon Overload Injuries", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/achilles-tendinitis/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/tendinopathy/", "relatedTerms": [ "rotator-cuff", "platelet-rich-plasma", "articular-cartilage" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "chronic-tendinopathy-rest-or-strength-training", "achilles-tendinopathy-vs-rupture", "jumper-knee-patellar-tendinopathy", "tennis-elbow-without-tennis" ] }, { "slug": "stress-fracture", "englishName": "Stress fracture", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "疲勞性骨折", "aliases": [ "應力性骨折", "骨應力性損傷", "Stress Fracture" ], "definition": "疲勞性骨折是在長期反覆機械應力作用下，骨組織微創傷累積速度超越了骨重塑與修復速率，導致骨皮質發生細微骨裂或完全骨折，常見於下肢負重骨（脛骨、蹠骨、股骨頸、足舟骨）。", "clinical": "疲勞性骨折屬於骨應力損傷（BSI）的晚期階段。臨床須嚴格區分低風險部位（如脛骨後內側、第2/3蹠骨）與高風險部位（如股骨頸張力側、第5蹠骨基底 Jones 骨折、足舟骨）。高風險部位極易骨折不癒合或移位，需嚴格免負重或微創內固定。", "clarification": "受傷初期 X 光片顯示「正常」絕不代表沒有骨折！前 2-3 週 X 光偽陰性率高達 50%-70%，此時 3.0T MRI 是捕捉骨髓水腫的金標準；疼痛減輕不等於骨質完全癒合，過早恢復衝擊跑跳極易造成完全骨折移位。", "symptoms": [ "受力骨骼處明確的「單指局限性劇烈壓痛」，邊界極為精準", "負重運動、跑步或跳躍時疼痛逐漸加劇，後期連走路或休息也持續深層痠痛", "患處局部可見微小局限性軟組織凹陷水腫或骨膜增厚硬塊", "無法單腳完成無痛跳躍測試" ], "causes": [ "運動負荷突增：跑步里程、跳躍強度突然劇增或更換過硬場地", "相對能量缺乏（REDs）：熱量攝取不足、骨密度低、女性運動員三聯徵與維生素 D 缺乏", "足部生物力學異常：扁平足或高弓足導致地面衝擊應力過度集中" ], "diagnostics": [ "理學檢查：單指壓痛測試、支點試驗（Fulcrum test）與音叉震動敲擊試驗", "首選 3.0T MRI 檢查：早期精準判定骨應力損傷分級（Fredericson 分級）與骨髓水腫", "高解析度骨 CT / 階段性 X 光追蹤：觀察骨裂線與骨痂癒合情況" ], "treatments": [ "依部位、骨折形態和風險制定減負重、保護或手術方案。評估能量攝取、骨健康和危險因素，營養補充依缺乏情況決定；不常規自行使用活性維生素 D。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "復健適用範圍與進階", "description": "先依骨折部位和風險控制負重及衝擊，矯正能量攝取不足等因素。經醫師確認癒合進展及負重耐受後，再循序恢復走跑；高風險部位可能須更嚴格保護和影像複查。" } ], "redFlags": [ "鼠蹊部深處負重劇痛伴隨明顯跛行（必須緊急排查股骨頸骨折，防範股骨頭壞死）", "小腿前側出現橫向骨裂徵象（脛骨前側骨折不癒合高危）", "夜間深層骨骼持續搏動性劇痛" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-09", "sources": [ { "title": "Stress Fractures: Clinical Diagnosis, Treatment & Return to Sport", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/stress-fractures/" }, { "title": "Stress Fractures Overview & High-Risk Management", "organization": "Cleveland Clinic", "url": "https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15841-stress-fractures" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/stress-fracture/", "relatedTerms": [ "tendinopathy", "proprioception" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "stress-fracture-normal-xray", "shin-splints-vs-stress-fracture", "relative-energy-deficiency-in-sport-red-s" ] }, { "slug": "arthroscopy", "englishName": "Arthroscopy", "category": "treatment", "categoryLabel": "檢查與治療", "name": "關節鏡", "aliases": [ "關節鏡手術", "微創關節鏡", "Arthroscopy" ], "definition": "關節鏡是透過 2-4 個僅 0.5 公分的微小皮膚切口，將高解析度微型攝影鏡頭置入關節腔內，在螢幕上全景放大檢視結構，並使用專用微型器械實施微創治療的現代外科技術。", "clinical": "關節鏡已成為運動醫學診療的核心支柱，廣泛應用於膝、肩、髖、踝等關節。在保護正常組織的同時，能完成前十字韌帶重建、半月板與旋轉肌袖縫合、髖臼撞擊磨削及軟骨修復，具有創傷小、出血少與復健啟動快之優勢。", "clarification": "傷口微小不等於內部無需復健！外表傷口數天即可癒合，但內部縫合的半月板、重建的韌帶或修復的軟骨需要 6-12 週以上的生物癒合期；術後必須依醫囑佩戴支具並循序漸進復健。", "symptoms": [ "用於評估及治療關節內頑固性疼痛、反覆積水或活動受限", "用於解決關節內卡鎖、彈響或反覆不穩打軟腿" ], "causes": [ "關節內韌帶撕裂（前/後十字韌帶斷裂）", "軟骨與纖維軟骨撕脫（半月板撕裂、肩盂唇撕脫、髖盂唇損傷）", "骨性撞擊綜合徵（肩夾擠、髖臼股骨撞擊症 FAI）及關節內游離體" ], "diagnostics": [ "術前 3.0T MRI 與 3D-CT：精準定位病灶與規劃入路", "術中關節鏡探針直接觸探：直接評估組織張力與軟骨硬度（關節內診斷金標準）" ], "treatments": [ "微創半月板/旋轉肌袖縫合術：使用全內縫合器與生物可吸收錨釘固定", "關節鏡韌帶解剖重建術：精準鑽取骨道實施解剖重建", "骨贅磨削成形術：以微型高速磨鑽消除骨性撞擊並清理發炎組織" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "復健適用範圍與進階", "description": "關節鏡後的復健由實際處理組織和術式決定。傷口照護、血栓預防、支具、負重和活動限制均須個別化；依癒合、症狀和功能逐步恢復工作與運動。" } ], "redFlags": [ "術後小腿劇烈腫脹劇痛（必須急診排查深部靜脈血栓 DVT）", "傷口周圍持續紅腫化膿伴隨發燒（警惕化膿性感染）", "肢體遠端突發麻木或無法自主背屈" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-09", "sources": [ { "title": "Arthroscopy: Minimal Access Joint Surgery and Diagnostic Principles", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/treatment/arthroscopy/" }, { "title": "Arthroscopy: Purpose, Procedure & Recovery Guidelines", "organization": "Mayo Clinic", "url": "https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/arthroscopy/about/pac-20392974" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/arthroscopy/", "relatedTerms": [ "meniscus", "rotator-cuff", "articular-cartilage", "anterior-cruciate-ligament" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "meniscus-repair-vs-meniscectomy", "rotator-cuff-tear-need-surgery", "hip-labral-tear-arthroscopy" ] }, { "slug": "platelet-rich-plasma", "englishName": "Platelet-rich plasma", "abbreviation": "PRP", "category": "treatment", "categoryLabel": "檢查與治療", "name": "高濃度血小板血漿", "aliases": [ "PRP", "富血小板血漿", "Platelet-Rich Plasma" ], "definition": "富血小板血漿（PRP）是將自體血液離心處理後得到的血小板濃縮製品，成分和濃度因製備方法而異。", "clinical": "部分膝骨關節炎和肌腱病研究提示可能緩解症狀，但療效隨病種、製劑及研究而異。跟腱病、髕腱病和急性肌肉損傷的獲益仍有不確定性，應與其他治療比較後共同決策。", "clarification": "PRP 不含幹細胞治療所需的細胞製品，不能保證軟骨再生。使用自體血液可降低部分風險，但注射仍可能引起感染、出血、疼痛或組織損傷。", "symptoms": [ "經評估後，部分膝骨關節炎或慢性肌腱病患者可討論是否使用。" ], "causes": [ "使用依據是具體疾病、既往治療反應和患者目標；適應症須個別評估。" ], "diagnostics": [ "先確認診斷並評估用藥、出血和感染風險；影像及超音波導引按部位和臨床需要選擇。" ], "treatments": [ "說明預期獲益、限制和替代治療後，再決定是否注射；製劑類型、次數及間隔沒有適用所有疾病的統一方案。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "復健適用範圍與進階", "description": "注射後依局部反應和原有疾病短期調整活動，再逐步恢復負荷。鎮痛藥及抗炎藥的使用與停用應由醫師依適應症決定，勿自行停用處方藥；持續加重的疼痛須回診。" } ], "redFlags": [ "注射後紅腫熱痛持續加重、膿性滲出、發燒或進行性麻木無力，應及時就醫，不要僅憑體溫未達某個數值排除感染。" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-09", "sources": [ { "title": "Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP)", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/treatment/platelet-rich-plasma-prp/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/platelet-rich-plasma/", "relatedTerms": [ "tendinopathy", "articular-cartilage" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "prp-injection-sports-injury", "chronic-tendinopathy-rest-or-strength-training" ] }, { "slug": "proprioception", "englishName": "Proprioception", "category": "rehabilitation", "categoryLabel": "運動復健", "name": "本體感覺", "aliases": [ "位置覺", "運動覺", "關節空間定位覺", "神經肌肉控制", "Proprioception" ], "definition": "本體感覺是神經系統透過分佈於肌肉、肌腱、關節囊及韌帶內的機械感受器，感知身體空間位置、運動姿態、受力與加速度的深層感知能力，為大腦調控動態平衡與防範傷害的生理基石。", "clinical": "韌帶撕裂或關節手術後，感受器受損會造成本體感覺顯著缺失，導致反覆扭傷或動態失控。現代復健強調從靜態平衡邁向 BOSU 球、外力擾動及視覺干擾等神經肌肉敏捷訓練，以重塑神經反射通路。", "clarification": "肌力恢復不代表神經肌肉控制完全恢復！單純力量充足但在突發失穩瞬間大腦無法快速調動肌肉穩定關節，極易造成再次受傷；動態平衡與著地抗干擾訓練不可或缺。", "symptoms": [ "運動或不平路面行走時容易反覆「打軟腿」或踩空扭傷", "閉眼單腳站立時身體劇烈晃動難以維持平衡", "跳躍著地時膝關節易內扣、緩衝協調性極差", "對肢體位置感知遲鈍、敏捷性與協調性顯著下滑" ], "causes": [ "韌帶撕脫創傷：機械感受器物理性撕脫破壞", "術後長期制動：大腦感覺運動皮質神經反射迴路減退", "神經肌肉徵召延遲：核心與臀肌穩定肌群反應遲緩" ], "diagnostics": [ "關節位置覺（JPS）角度重現測試：評估閉眼角度重現精準度", "動態 Y-Balance 平衡測試與 BESS 評分系統", "跳躍著地動力學分析（Drop-Jump 測試）：檢測動態膝外翻" ], "treatments": [ "靜態單側平衡：單腳站立、閉眼練習、海綿墊抗干擾平衡", "動態神經肌肉訓練：BOSU 球訓練、敏捷梯踏步、跳躍著地緩衝穩定訓練", "外力擾動與視覺干擾訓練：加強大腦神經反射適應" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "復健適用範圍與進階", "description": "從有支撐的穩定地面平衡練習開始，再增加動態任務和運動情境。閉眼、不穩定平面或擾動練習須依能力選擇並防跌倒；單項平衡分數不能單獨決定復賽。" } ], "redFlags": [ "平衡能力突發急劇下降伴隨眩暈或步態蹣跚（需急診排查中樞神經病變）", "單側肢體進行性無力或感覺喪失", "無誘因頻繁跌倒伴隨意識障礙" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-09", "sources": [ { "title": "Proprioception: Clinical Significance, Sensory Pathways & Rehabilitation", "organization": "Cleveland Clinic", "url": "https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/proprioception" }, { "title": "Foot and Ankle Conditioning Program", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/globalassets/pdfs/foot-and-ankle-conditioning-program---2025.pdf" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/proprioception/", "relatedTerms": [ "anterior-cruciate-ligament", "meniscus", "stress-fracture" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "recurrent-ankle-sprain", "return-to-sport-criteria", "knee-giving-way" ] }, { "slug": "ankle-sprain", "englishName": "Ankle sprain", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "踝關節扭傷", "aliases": [ "踝關節扭傷", "翻船", "腳踝扭傷", "Ankle sprain" ], "definition": "踝關節扭傷是穩定踝部的韌帶被過度牽拉或撕裂，常累及外側韌帶。", "clinical": "須評估韌帶穩定性並排除骨折；反覆扭傷可能發展為慢性踝關節不穩。", "clarification": "能走路也可能存在韌帶損傷；多數扭傷不需要常規 MRI。", "symptoms": [ "踝部疼痛、腫脹、瘀青或踩地不穩。" ], "causes": [ "落地踩偏、突然轉向或在不平路面行走。" ], "diagnostics": [ "結合受傷經過、壓痛及負重能力檢查；懷疑骨折時拍 X 光，持續症狀可進一步檢查。" ], "treatments": [ "多數採短期保護、按耐受逐步負重和運動復健；持續不穩者評估進一步治療。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "復健進階", "description": "先恢復步態及活動度，再訓練小腿力量和平衡；跑跳、變向穩定且症狀不反覆後逐步恢復運動。" } ], "redFlags": [ "明顯畸形、足部冰冷麻木或無法負重，應及時就醫。" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-18", "sources": [ { "title": "Sprained Ankle", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/sprained-ankle/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/ankle-sprain/", "relatedTerms": [ "proprioception", "stress-fracture" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "ankle-sprain-need-xray", "ankle-sprain-return-to-sport", "recurrent-ankle-sprain", "high-ankle-sprain" ] }, { "slug": "patellofemoral-pain", "englishName": "Patellofemoral pain", "abbreviation": "PFP", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "髕股疼痛", "aliases": [ "髕股關節疼痛症候群", "跑者膝", "髕骨軟化症", "PFPS", "Patellofemoral pain syndrome" ], "definition": "髕股疼痛指髕骨周圍或後方的疼痛，常在屈膝負重活動中出現。", "clinical": "評估活動負荷、髖膝肌力和動作控制，有助於制定訓練調整與復健方案。", "clarification": "膝前痛不等於軟骨已經磨損；須與髕腱病和其他膝病區分。", "symptoms": [ "上下樓、下蹲、跑步或久坐後膝前疼痛。" ], "causes": [ "運動量突然增加、反覆屈膝負荷及肌力或動作控制不足。" ], "diagnostics": [ "以病史和查體為主；症狀持續或表現不典型時再考慮影像檢查。" ], "treatments": [ "調整誘發疼痛的負荷，結合髖部和股四頭肌漸進力量訓練；輔助貼紮或鞋墊須個別評估。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "復健進階", "description": "從可耐受的力量練習開始，再增加台階、跑步等任務；依訓練中及次日反應調整負荷。" } ], "redFlags": [ "急性明顯腫脹、發熱紅腫、真正卡鎖或無法負重須儘快評估。" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-18", "sources": [ { "title": "Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/patellofemoral-pain-syndrome/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/patellofemoral-pain/", "relatedTerms": [ "articular-cartilage", "proprioception" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "anterior-knee-pain-stairs-squat", "jumper-knee-patellar-tendinopathy" ] }, { "slug": "lateral-epicondylitis", "englishName": "Lateral epicondylitis", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "網球肘", "aliases": [ "網球肘", "肱骨外上髁炎", "前臂伸肌總腱病", "Tennis elbow", "Lateral epicondylitis" ], "definition": "網球肘是肘外側伸腕肌腱起點相關的疼痛性肌腱病，也稱肱骨外上髁炎。", "clinical": "常影響握持、提物和工作；須鑑別神經壓迫等其他肘外側疼痛原因。", "clarification": "不打網球也會患病；名稱中的「炎」不能概括所有慢性肌腱變化。", "symptoms": [ "肘外側壓痛，握物或抗阻伸腕疼痛，握力下降。" ], "causes": [ "重複抓握、伸腕或近期手臂負荷增加。" ], "diagnostics": [ "透過壓痛和抗阻動作檢查判斷；不典型或持續症狀可考慮影像及神經評估。" ], "treatments": [ "調整工作和運動負荷，漸進伸腕肌訓練；護具或鎮痛措施按需使用，長期無效者再評估其他治療。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "復健進階", "description": "從可耐受的輕負荷伸腕練習進階到抓握、提物和專項動作，避免突然恢復高強度重複操作。" } ], "redFlags": [ "外傷後畸形、明顯紅腫發熱或進行性手部無力麻木須就醫。" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-18", "sources": [ { "title": "Tennis Elbow (Lateral Epicondylitis)", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/tennis-elbow-lateral-epicondylitis/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/lateral-epicondylitis/", "relatedTerms": [ "tendinopathy", "platelet-rich-plasma" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "tennis-elbow-without-tennis", "golfers-vs-tennis-elbow" ] }, { "slug": "adhesive-capsulitis", "englishName": "Adhesive capsulitis", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "凍結肩", "aliases": [ "凍結肩", "肩周炎", "五十肩", "沾黏性肩關節囊炎", "Frozen shoulder", "Adhesive capsulitis" ], "definition": "凍結肩又稱沾黏性肩關節囊炎，表現為肩痛以及主動、被動活動範圍均受限。", "clinical": "常見外旋受限；恢復可能較慢，治療須結合疼痛階段和活動受限程度。", "clarification": "肩痛原因很多，單憑夜間痛不能診斷凍結肩；肩袖損傷可同時存在。", "symptoms": [ "肩痛、夜間痛，穿衣或向後伸手困難。" ], "causes": [ "病因可能不明；糖尿病、甲狀腺疾病和肩部長期制動與風險增加相關。" ], "diagnostics": [ "醫師比較主動和被動活動度，必要時用 X 光排除關節炎，其他影像按需選擇。" ], "treatments": [ "疼痛控制和溫和活動度訓練；可評估關節腔注射，頑固病例再考慮進一步介入。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "復健進階", "description": "疼痛明顯時避免暴力拉伸；按耐受增加活動度，疼痛減輕後逐步強化肌力和日常功能。" } ], "redFlags": [ "外傷後突然無法抬臂、肩部紅熱伴發燒或進行性麻木無力須及時評估。" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-18", "sources": [ { "title": "Frozen Shoulder", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/frozen-shoulder/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/adhesive-capsulitis/", "relatedTerms": [ "rotator-cuff", "glenoid-labrum" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "frozen-shoulder-vs-rotator-cuff" ] }, { "slug": "achilles-tendinopathy", "englishName": "Achilles tendinopathy", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "跟腱病", "aliases": [ "跟腱病", "跟腱炎", "阿基里斯腱炎", "Achilles tendinopathy", "Achilles tendinitis" ], "definition": "跟腱病是跟腱負荷相關的疼痛和功能下降，可發生在肌腱中段或跟骨附著處。", "clinical": "區分中段與附著點病變有助於選擇練習範圍和負荷。", "clarification": "慢性跟腱痛與急性斷裂處理不同；疼痛程度與影像改變未必一致。", "symptoms": [ "晨起僵硬、提踵或跑跳時後踝疼痛，局部增厚。" ], "causes": [ "跑跳負荷驟增、恢復不足及小腿柔韌性或力量不足。" ], "diagnostics": [ "查體評估疼痛部位和提踵能力；診斷不清或懷疑撕裂時考慮超音波或 MRI。" ], "treatments": [ "減少誘發疼痛的衝擊負荷並逐步強化小腿；持續症狀再評估其他治療。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "復健進階", "description": "先在耐受範圍內提踵，再進階負重、跳躍和跑步；附著點疼痛者避免未經指導的台階下沉式拉伸。" } ], "redFlags": [ "突然爆響、後踝劇痛或明顯蹬地無力應儘快排除跟腱斷裂。" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-18", "sources": [ { "title": "Achilles Tendinitis", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/achilles-tendinitis/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/achilles-tendinopathy/", "relatedTerms": [ "tendinopathy", "ankle-sprain" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "achilles-tendinopathy-vs-rupture", "achilles-rupture-can-walk", "achilles-rupture-need-surgery" ] }, { "slug": "medial-collateral-ligament-injury", "englishName": "Medial collateral ligament injury", "abbreviation": "MCL", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "膝內側副韌帶損傷", "aliases": [ "膝內側副韌帶損傷", "MCL損傷", "膝內側副韌帶撕裂", "Medial collateral ligament injury", "MCL tear" ], "definition": "膝內側副韌帶損傷是膝內側穩定韌帶的拉傷或撕裂。", "clinical": "須確認是否單獨損傷，或合併十字韌帶、半月板等損傷。", "clarification": "單純內側副韌帶損傷多數可保守恢復；疼痛程度不能單獨判斷撕裂等級。", "symptoms": [ "膝內側疼痛、局部腫脹及側向不穩。" ], "causes": [ "膝外側受到撞擊，或運動中膝部外翻扭傷。" ], "diagnostics": [ "專科檢查內側壓痛及外翻穩定性，必要時 X 光排除骨折、MRI 評估合併損傷。" ], "treatments": [ "保護和復健為主，支具與負重限制按穩定性決定；複雜損傷須手術評估。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "復健進階", "description": "在保護內側韌帶的條件下恢復活動度和股四頭肌力量，穩定性及專項動作合格後漸進回歸運動。" } ], "redFlags": [ "明顯畸形、足部冰冷麻木或膝關節嚴重不穩應立即就醫。" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-25", "sources": [ { "title": "Collateral Ligament Injuries", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/collateral-ligament-injuries/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/medial-collateral-ligament-injury/", "relatedTerms": [ "anterior-cruciate-ligament", "meniscus" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "mcl-injury-need-surgery" ] }, { "slug": "posterior-cruciate-ligament-injury", "englishName": "Posterior cruciate ligament injury", "abbreviation": "PCL", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "後十字韌帶損傷", "aliases": [ "後交叉韌帶損傷", "PCL損傷", "後十字韌帶斷裂", "Posterior cruciate ligament injury", "PCL tear" ], "definition": "後十字韌帶限制脛骨相對股骨向後移動，損傷後可能出現後向鬆弛。", "clinical": "評估合併韌帶或骨損傷尤其重要；高能量創傷須檢查血管和神經。", "clarification": "部分孤立損傷可保守治療，不能只憑 MRI 的撕裂描述決定手術。", "symptoms": [ "膝痛、腫脹，下坡或下樓時不適、膝部不穩。" ], "causes": [ "屈膝時脛骨前方受撞擊、跪地跌倒或嚴重過伸。" ], "diagnostics": [ "後抽屜及後墜徵由醫師檢查；X 光和 MRI 用於評估骨折及合併損傷。" ], "treatments": [ "按穩定性選擇支具和復健；持續症狀或多韌帶損傷須評估重建。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "復健進階", "description": "早期避免脛骨後墜，按方案恢復股四頭肌力量；膕繩肌訓練時機和回歸運動由治療團隊評估。" } ], "redFlags": [ "足部冰冷、麻木、明顯畸形或高能量創傷後的嚴重不穩須急診。" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-25", "sources": [ { "title": "Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) Injuries", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/posterior-cruciate-ligament-injuries/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/posterior-cruciate-ligament-injury/", "relatedTerms": [ "anterior-cruciate-ligament", "medial-collateral-ligament-injury" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "pcl-injury-symptoms" ] }, { "slug": "shoulder-dislocation", "englishName": "Shoulder dislocation", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "肩關節脫位", "aliases": [ "肩關節脫位", "肩關節脫臼", "肩關節半脫位", "Shoulder dislocation", "Glenohumeral dislocation" ], "definition": "肩關節脫位是肱骨頭離開肩胛盂的正常位置，可伴盂唇、韌帶、骨或神經損傷。", "clinical": "急性脫位需要醫療復位；復位後仍須評估相關損傷和復發風險。", "clarification": "外觀自行恢復也可能發生過脫位或半脫位，不能因此忽略檢查。", "symptoms": [ "肩部劇痛、外形改變、活動困難，可能伴麻木。" ], "causes": [ "跌倒、碰撞或手臂受到強力牽扭；抽搐也可能導致脫位。" ], "diagnostics": [ "檢查血液循環和神經功能，通常拍 X 光，其他影像依伴隨損傷選擇。" ], "treatments": [ "由專業人員在適當鎮痛下復位；隨後保護和復健，反覆脫位或明顯骨損傷者評估手術。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "復健進階", "description": "按損傷情況短期保護，再逐步恢復活動度、肩袖和肩胛肌力，專項穩定性達標後回歸。" } ], "redFlags": [ "疑似尚未復位的脫位應立即就醫；不要自行強行扳拉，手部冰冷麻木更須急診。" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-25", "sources": [ { "title": "Shoulder Dislocation", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/dislocated-shoulder/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/shoulder-dislocation/", "relatedTerms": [ "glenoid-labrum", "rotator-cuff" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "shoulder-dislocation-self-reduction", "recurrent-shoulder-dislocation-surgery" ] }, { "slug": "hip-muscle-strain", "englishName": "Hip muscle strain", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "髖部肌肉拉傷", "aliases": [ "髖部肌肉拉傷", "鼠蹊部拉傷", "髖周肌腱拉傷", "Hip muscle strain", "Groin strain" ], "definition": "髖部肌肉拉傷是支持髖關節的肌肉或肌腱被過度牽伸而受損。", "clinical": "腹股溝或髖部疼痛還可能來自關節或骨，應結合受傷機制鑑別。", "clarification": "持續承重痛不應一直當作普通拉傷，尤其需要排除應力性骨折。", "symptoms": [ "局部疼痛、壓痛、無力，拉伸或收縮時疼痛，可伴瘀青。" ], "causes": [ "衝刺、踢球、突然變向或過度牽伸。" ], "diagnostics": [ "評估壓痛、力量及髖部活動；嚴重創傷或懷疑撕脫骨折時拍 X 光。" ], "treatments": [ "短期調整活動並保護受傷組織，隨後逐步恢復柔韌性與力量；嚴重撕裂須專科評估。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "復健進階", "description": "先恢復無明顯疼痛的行走及輕度收縮，再增加抗阻、跑步和加速變向，不按固定天數復賽。" } ], "redFlags": [ "深部腹股溝劇痛、無法負重、明顯畸形或發燒應及時就醫。" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-25", "sources": [ { "title": "Hip Strains", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/hip-strains/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/hip-muscle-strain/", "relatedTerms": [ "tendinopathy", "stress-fracture" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "athletic-groin-pain-sports-hernia", "groin-pain-deep-squat-fai" ] }, { "slug": "plantar-fasciitis", "englishName": "Plantar fasciitis", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "足底筋膜炎", "aliases": [ "足底筋膜炎", "足跟痛", "跟骨骨刺症候群", "Plantar fasciitis", "Heel spur syndrome" ], "definition": "足底筋膜炎是足底筋膜在足跟附著區域的疼痛性病變，常與重複負荷有關。", "clinical": "評估站立、步行、跑量和小腿柔韌性，須鑑別神經壓迫與跟骨應力性損傷。", "clarification": "X 光上的骨刺不一定是疼痛來源，也不代表需要手術切除。", "symptoms": [ "晨起第一步或久坐後起步時足跟底部痛，長時間站立後加重。" ], "causes": [ "負荷增加、長時間站立、小腿緊繃及體重等因素可能相關。" ], "diagnostics": [ "病史及足跟局部壓痛檢查為主；不典型或持續疼痛時考慮影像。" ], "treatments": [ "調整負荷，進行足底筋膜和小腿溫和牽伸，選擇合適鞋具；持續症狀者評估其他措施。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "復健進階", "description": "逐步增加無明顯加重的步行和力量訓練，再恢復跑跳，關注次日晨起疼痛變化。" } ], "redFlags": [ "外傷後不能負重、足部紅熱伴發燒或進行性麻木應及時就醫。" ], "updatedAt": "2026-09-25", "sources": [ { "title": "Plantar Fasciitis and Bone Spurs", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/plantar-fasciitis-and-bone-spurs/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/plantar-fasciitis/", "relatedTerms": [ "achilles-tendinopathy", "stress-fracture" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "plantar-fasciitis-morning-heel-pain" ] }, { "slug": "hamstring-strain", "englishName": "Hamstring strain", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "膕繩肌拉傷", "aliases": [ "膕繩肌拉傷", "膕旁肌拉傷", "大腿後側肌肉拉傷", "大腿後群肌拉傷", "Hamstring strain" ], "definition": "膕繩肌拉傷是大腿後側肌肉或肌腱的牽拉損傷，可從輕度纖維損傷到完全撕裂。", "clinical": "須區分肌腹拉傷與近端肌腱撕脫；嚴重撕脫可能需要手術評估。", "clarification": "走路疼痛減輕不代表已能安全衝刺，復賽還須評估力量和高速跑能力。", "symptoms": [ "大腿後側突發疼痛、壓痛、瘀青及屈膝或伸髖無力。" ], "causes": [ "衝刺、踢腿或髖屈膝伸時的突然牽拉；疲勞和既往損傷可增加風險。" ], "diagnostics": [ "結合受傷經過、觸診和力量檢查；懷疑明顯撕裂或撕脫時選擇 MRI，骨性撕脫可用 X 光評估。" ], "treatments": [ "短期保護並調整負荷，隨後漸進力量訓練；嚴重肌腱撕脫由專科決定處理。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "復健進階", "description": "從無明顯疼痛的步行與輕負荷訓練進階至離心力量、加速和專項跑，依功能反應調整進度。" } ], "redFlags": [ "受傷後明顯凹陷、大片瘀血、不能行走或伴麻木無力，應儘快就診。" ], "publishedAt": "2026-09-28", "updatedAt": "2026-09-26", "sources": [ { "title": "Hamstring Muscle Injuries", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/hamstring-muscle-injuries/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/hamstring-strain/", "relatedTerms": [ "hip-muscle-strain", "tendinopathy" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "hamstring-strain-return-to-play", "recurrent-hamstring-strain-strength-training", "proximal-hamstring-avulsion-surgery-vs-conservative" ] }, { "slug": "femoroacetabular-impingement", "englishName": "Femoroacetabular impingement", "abbreviation": "FAI", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "股骨髖臼撞擊症候群", "aliases": [ "股骨髖臼撞擊症候群", "股骨髖臼夾擠症候群", "髖關節夾擠症候群", "FAI", "Femoroacetabular impingement" ], "definition": "股骨髖臼撞擊症候群是髖部骨形態與運動接觸相關、伴症狀和臨床徵象的疾病，可累及盂唇與軟骨。", "clinical": "評估腹股溝痛、活動受限及影像是否吻合，有助於選擇復健或手術。", "clarification": "影像上的凸輪型或鉗夾型形態可無症狀，單憑骨形態不能確定疼痛來源。", "symptoms": [ "屈髖、深蹲、久坐或轉身時腹股溝痛，可伴僵硬、卡頓。" ], "causes": [ "股骨頭頸或髖臼形態影響接觸，反覆大幅屈髖和旋轉可能誘發症狀。" ], "diagnostics": [ "病史、髖部活動和誘發試驗結合 X 光；按需用 MRI 評估盂唇與軟骨。" ], "treatments": [ "調整誘發動作並進行髖部和軀幹訓練；症狀持續且診斷明確時討論手術及其限制。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "復健進階", "description": "先改善可耐受活動和控制，再增加力量與專項任務；術後依實際修復組織遵守限制。" } ], "redFlags": [ "突發嚴重髖痛、不能負重、發燒或明顯外傷後疼痛應及時評估。" ], "publishedAt": "2026-09-28", "updatedAt": "2026-09-26", "sources": [ { "title": "Femoroacetabular Impingement", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/femoroacetabular-impingement/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/femoroacetabular-impingement/", "relatedTerms": [ "hip-muscle-strain", "articular-cartilage" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "groin-pain-deep-squat-fai", "fai-xray-need-treatment", "hip-labral-tear-arthroscopy", "hip-arthroscopy-return-to-running-ball-sports" ] }, { "slug": "patellar-instability", "englishName": "Patellar instability", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "髕骨不穩", "aliases": [ "髕骨不穩", "髕骨脫位", "復發性髕骨脫位", "髕骨半脫位", "髕股關節不穩定", "Patellar instability" ], "definition": "髕骨不穩指髕骨難以穩定地在股骨滑車內運動，可發生半脫位或完全脫位。", "clinical": "初次脫位後須評估骨軟骨損傷，反覆不穩還須分析骨形態和軟組織因素。", "clarification": "膝前疼痛不等於髕骨脫位；髕骨自行回位後仍可能有骨軟骨損傷。", "symptoms": [ "髕骨外移感、恐懼感、膝部腫脹，轉向時軟腳。" ], "causes": [ "扭轉或碰撞，以及滑車發育、髕骨高度或軟組織鬆弛等因素。" ], "diagnostics": [ "查體配合 X 光，必要時 MRI 判斷韌帶和骨軟骨損傷。" ], "treatments": [ "急性脫位由專業人員處理；保護及復健後，反覆不穩或游離骨軟骨片可須手術評估。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "復健進階", "description": "逐步恢復活動度、股四頭肌與髖部控制；無明顯腫脹且穩定性和專項功能達標後增加運動。" } ], "redFlags": [ "髕骨仍脫位、關節卡鎖、大量腫脹或不能負重，應儘快就醫。" ], "publishedAt": "2026-09-28", "updatedAt": "2026-09-26", "sources": [ { "title": "Unstable Kneecap (Patellar Instability)", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/unstable-kneecap/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/patellar-instability/", "relatedTerms": [ "patellofemoral-pain", "articular-cartilage" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "first-patellar-dislocation-surgery", "recurrent-patellar-dislocation-mpfl-reconstruction", "recurrent-patellar-dislocation-cartilage", "patellar-instability-fulkerson-tibial-tubercle-osteotomy" ] }, { "slug": "osteochondritis-dissecans", "englishName": "Osteochondritis dissecans", "abbreviation": "OCD", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "剝脫性骨軟骨炎", "aliases": [ "剝脫性骨軟骨炎", "剝離性骨軟骨炎", "關節軟骨剝離症", "OCD", "Osteochondritis dissecans" ], "definition": "剝脫性骨軟骨炎是軟骨下骨局部病變，可使其上方軟骨和骨片不穩定或脫落。", "clinical": "處理取決於骨骼是否成熟、病灶穩定性、大小及症狀，常累及膝關節。", "clarification": "名稱中含「炎」不代表細菌感染；影像病灶也不一定都需要手術。", "symptoms": [ "活動後疼痛、腫脹或僵硬，不穩定碎片可引起卡頓和卡鎖。" ], "causes": [ "原因尚未完全明確，局部血供、重複負荷和遺傳因素可能參與。" ], "diagnostics": [ "X 光確定位置，MRI 協助評估軟骨、病灶穩定性及癒合情況。" ], "treatments": [ "未成熟骨骼的穩定病灶可限制衝擊活動並追蹤；不穩定或保守無效者評估固定或修復。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "復健進階", "description": "先保護病灶並維持允許範圍內的力量，依臨床及影像癒合逐步恢復負荷和跑跳。" } ], "redFlags": [ "關節突然卡鎖、明顯腫脹或無法負重須及時就醫。" ], "publishedAt": "2026-09-28", "updatedAt": "2026-09-26", "sources": [ { "title": "Osteochondritis Dissecans", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/osteochondritis-dissecans/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/osteochondritis-dissecans/", "relatedTerms": [ "articular-cartilage", "arthroscopy" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "recurrent-patellar-dislocation-cartilage", "articular-cartilage-self-healing" ] }, { "slug": "osgood-schlatter-disease", "englishName": "Osgood-Schlatter disease", "abbreviation": "OSD", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "脛骨結節骨骺炎", "aliases": [ "脛骨結節骨骺炎", "脛骨結節骨軟骨炎", "奧斯戈德-施拉特症", "脛骨粗隆骨凸炎", "OSD", "Osgood-Schlatter disease" ], "definition": "脛骨結節骨骺炎又稱 Osgood-Schlatter 病，是生長期髕腱附著於脛骨結節處的牽拉相關疼痛。", "clinical": "常發生於青少年生長階段，活動調整主要依據疼痛及功能受限程度。", "clarification": "膝下隆起可能在症狀消退後保留；不應把所有青少年膝痛歸為生長痛。", "symptoms": [ "膝前下方骨性隆起處壓痛、腫脹，跑跳或跪地時加重。" ], "causes": [ "生長期反覆跑跳使髕腱牽拉脛骨結節，肌肉緊繃也可能影響負荷。" ], "diagnostics": [ "通常依病史和查體診斷；非典型表現或急性外傷時考慮 X 光。" ], "treatments": [ "依症狀調整活動，配合溫和牽伸和力量訓練；疼痛明顯或跛行時降低負荷並複評。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "復健進階", "description": "在可耐受且不引起跛行範圍內保持活動，再逐步增加跑跳；進度依症狀而非年齡數字。" } ], "redFlags": [ "突然劇痛、不能主動伸膝、無法負重或發燒紅腫，應儘快排除其他損傷。" ], "publishedAt": "2026-09-28", "updatedAt": "2026-09-26", "sources": [ { "title": "Osgood-Schlatter Disease (Knee Pain)", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/osgood-schlatter-disease-knee-pain/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/osgood-schlatter-disease/", "relatedTerms": [ "patellofemoral-pain", "patellar-tendon-tear" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "adolescent-tibial-tubercle-pain", "jumper-knee-patellar-tendinopathy" ] }, { "slug": "achilles-tendon-rupture", "englishName": "Achilles tendon rupture", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "跟腱斷裂", "aliases": [ "跟腱斷裂", "阿基里斯腱斷裂", "阿基里斯腱撕裂", "Achilles tendon rupture" ], "definition": "跟腱斷裂是連接小腿肌肉與跟骨的肌腱部分或完全撕裂，可削弱蹬地能力。", "clinical": "及時識別並保護有助於制定非手術功能復健或手術修復方案。", "clarification": "斷裂後仍可能行走或活動踝部，不能僅據此排除損傷。", "symptoms": [ "後踝或小腿突發爆響、被踢感、疼痛及踮腳無力。" ], "causes": [ "突然起跳、加速或強力踝背屈，既有肌腱病和部分藥物暴露可增加風險。" ], "diagnostics": [ "醫師檢查肌腱連續性和擠壓小腿試驗；診斷不明時使用超音波或 MRI。" ], "treatments": [ "儘快專科評估並保護患肢；依活動需求、合併症和復健條件選擇治療。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "復健進階", "description": "支具角度、負重及背屈範圍依方案推進，隨後恢復提踵力量和跑跳能力，避免過早強拉肌腱。" } ], "redFlags": [ "疑似斷裂須儘快就診；足部冰冷麻木、胸痛或呼吸困難須急診。" ], "publishedAt": "2026-09-30", "updatedAt": "2026-09-26", "sources": [ { "title": "Achilles Tendon Rupture (Tear)", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/achilles-tendon-rupture-tear/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/achilles-tendon-rupture/", "relatedTerms": [ "achilles-tendinopathy", "ankle-sprain" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "achilles-rupture-need-surgery", "achilles-rupture-can-walk", "achilles-tendinopathy-vs-rupture", "acute-achilles-rupture-percutaneous-repair-vs-open" ] }, { "slug": "patellar-tendon-tear", "englishName": "Patellar tendon tear", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "髕腱撕裂", "aliases": [ "髕腱撕裂", "髕骨韌帶撕裂", "髕腱斷裂", "髕骨韌帶斷裂", "Patellar tendon tear" ], "definition": "髕腱撕裂是連接髕骨與脛骨的肌腱受損，完全斷裂可破壞主動伸膝能力。", "clinical": "須儘快判斷伸膝裝置是否完整；完全斷裂通常需要手術評估。", "clarification": "慢性髕腱痛與急性斷裂處理不同；明顯伸膝無力不宜繼續運動。", "symptoms": [ "膝前下方疼痛、腫脹、瘀青，膝軟腳或不能主動伸直。" ], "causes": [ "跳躍落地時強烈收縮、跌倒或直接撞擊，既往肌腱病可增加風險。" ], "diagnostics": [ "檢查主動伸膝、直腿抬高及髕骨位置；X 光和按需 MRI 協助評估。" ], "treatments": [ "保護膝部並儘快專科評估；部分損傷可保守，完全斷裂常考慮修復。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "復健進階", "description": "依損傷或修復情況限制屈膝及負重，逐步恢復股四頭肌控制，功能評估後再增加跑跳。" } ], "redFlags": [ "外傷後不能主動伸膝、明顯凹陷或無法站立，應及時就醫。" ], "publishedAt": "2026-09-30", "updatedAt": "2026-09-26", "sources": [ { "title": "Patellar Tendon Tear", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/patellar-tendon-tear/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/patellar-tendon-tear/", "relatedTerms": [ "tendinopathy", "osgood-schlatter-disease" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "patellar-tendon-rupture-vs-tendinitis", "jumper-knee-patellar-tendinopathy" ] }, { "slug": "quadriceps-tendon-tear", "englishName": "Quadriceps tendon tear", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "股四頭肌腱撕裂", "aliases": [ "股四頭肌腱撕裂", "股四頭肌腱斷裂", "股四頭肌肌腱撕裂", "Quadriceps tendon tear" ], "definition": "股四頭肌腱撕裂發生在大腿前側肌肉與髕骨連接處，嚴重時影響膝關節主動伸直。", "clinical": "評估部分或完全撕裂及伸膝功能，可避免延誤需要修復的損傷。", "clarification": "膝部腫脹可能掩蓋肌腱缺口，不能僅以外觀判斷程度。", "symptoms": [ "髕骨上方疼痛、腫脹或凹陷，伸膝無力、行走軟腳。" ], "causes": [ "屈膝負重時強烈收縮或跌倒；肌腱退變及某些全身疾病可增加風險。" ], "diagnostics": [ "檢查主動伸膝和直腿抬高，X 光及必要時 MRI 明確範圍。" ], "treatments": [ "先保護患膝；部分損傷可支具和復健，完全斷裂通常須儘早評估手術。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "復健進階", "description": "依修復強度和癒合逐步增加屈膝及負重，再恢復伸膝力量和日常活動。" } ], "redFlags": [ "受傷後不能主動伸膝、無法站立或足部麻木冰冷須及時評估。" ], "publishedAt": "2026-09-30", "updatedAt": "2026-09-26", "sources": [ { "title": "Quadriceps Tendon Tear", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/quadriceps-tendon-tear/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/quadriceps-tendon-tear/", "relatedTerms": [ "patellar-tendon-tear", "tendinopathy" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "quadriceps-tendon-rupture-surgery-rehabilitation" ] }, { "slug": "proximal-biceps-tendon-tear", "englishName": "Proximal biceps tendon tear", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "肱二頭肌近端肌腱撕裂", "aliases": [ "肱二頭肌近端肌腱撕裂", "肱二頭肌長頭腱斷裂", "肱二頭肌腱撕裂", "大力水手畸形", "Proximal biceps tendon tear" ], "definition": "肱二頭肌近端肌腱撕裂發生於肩部附著區域，較常累及長頭腱。", "clinical": "須評估肩袖等合併病變，並區分肩部近端損傷與肘部遠端斷裂。", "clarification": "長頭腱完全斷裂後仍可能保留較多功能，治療依疼痛、痙攣和活動需求決定。", "symptoms": [ "肩前或上臂疼痛、瘀青、肌肉向下隆起，可伴旋後或屈肘乏力。" ], "causes": [ "慢性磨損、反覆過頂活動，或突然提重物、跌倒受力。" ], "diagnostics": [ "查體觀察肌肉輪廓和力量，超音波或 MRI 按需評估肌腱及肩袖。" ], "treatments": [ "活動調整和復健常可改善功能；持續疼痛、痙攣或特定需求者討論手術。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "復健進階", "description": "先恢復舒適活動，再逐步增加屈肘、旋後和肩部力量；術後負荷依固定方式保護。" } ], "redFlags": [ "明顯外傷後肘前疼痛伴旋後無力，或手部冰冷麻木，應及時評估。" ], "publishedAt": "2026-09-30", "updatedAt": "2026-09-26", "sources": [ { "title": "Biceps Tendon Tear at the Shoulder", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/biceps-tendon-tear-at-the-shoulder/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/proximal-biceps-tendon-tear/", "relatedTerms": [ "rotator-cuff", "glenoid-labrum" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "popeye-bulge-biceps-rupture", "anterior-shoulder-pain-biceps-tendon", "distal-biceps-rupture-surgery" ] }, { "slug": "trochanteric-bursitis", "englishName": "Trochanteric bursitis", "abbreviation": "GTPS", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "大轉子滑囊炎", "aliases": [ "大轉子滑囊炎", "大粗隆滑囊炎", "大轉子疼痛症候群", "GTPS", "髖外側滑囊炎", "Trochanteric bursitis" ], "definition": "大轉子滑囊炎是髖外側大轉子附近滑囊受刺激引起的疼痛性問題。", "clinical": "髖外側疼痛也常涉及臀肌腱，評估須考慮大轉子疼痛症候群的其他組成。", "clarification": "僅憑髖外側疼痛不能確定滑囊炎，腰椎和髖關節病變也可產生類似症狀。", "symptoms": [ "髖外側壓痛、患側臥位痛，上樓或長時間行走後加重。" ], "causes": [ "反覆摩擦或負荷、直接撞擊及髖部力學因素可能參與。" ], "diagnostics": [ "結合局部壓痛、髖部活動和肌力檢查，必要時影像排除其他病因。" ], "treatments": [ "減少局部壓迫和誘發負荷，進行漸進髖部訓練；注射等措施依診斷及反應選擇。" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "復健進階", "description": "先調整側臥和日常負荷，再恢復髖外展力量及步行耐受，避免訓練後持續加重。" } ], "redFlags": [ "明顯紅腫發熱、外傷後不能負重或進行性劇痛須及時評估。" ], "publishedAt": "2026-09-30", "updatedAt": "2026-09-26", "sources": [ { "title": "Hip Bursitis", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/hip-bursitis/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/trochanteric-bursitis/", "relatedTerms": [ "hip-muscle-strain", "tendinopathy" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "snapping-hip-joint-damage", "adductor-strain-groin-pain", "iliotibial-band-syndrome-lateral-knee-pain" ] }, { "slug": "lisfranc-injury", "englishName": "Lisfranc injury", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "Lisfranc損傷", "aliases": [ "跗蹠關節損傷", "跗蹠關節骨折脫位", "中足扭傷", "李斯弗朗損傷", "Lisfranc injury" ], "definition": "中足跗蹠關節複合體韌帶受傷，可合併骨折或脫位。", "clinical": "負重影像可顯示非負重時不明顯的跗蹠關節分離。能否負重由醫師判斷；劇痛時勿強行站立，可能需CT或MRI，檢查前先保護患足。", "clarification": "能走路也不能排除中足不穩。", "symptoms": [ "中足腫痛、足底瘀青或蹬地痛" ], "causes": [ "足部扭轉或軸向負荷" ], "diagnostics": [ "理學檢查及負重影像，必要時CT或MRI" ], "treatments": [ "穩定者固定保護；不穩者評估手術" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "漸進復健", "description": "確認穩定或癒合後漸進負重及推蹬" } ], "redFlags": [ "變形、冰冷或麻木須急診" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-01", "updatedAt": "2026-10-01", "sources": [ { "title": "Lisfranc injury", "organization": "AAOS", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/lisfranc-midfoot-injury/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/lisfranc-injury/", "relatedTerms": [ "ankle-sprain", "articular-cartilage" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "lisfranc-weightbearing-imaging", "lisfranc-stable-injury-followup" ] }, { "slug": "scaphoid-fracture", "englishName": "Scaphoid fracture", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "舟狀骨骨折", "aliases": [ "腕舟骨骨折", "舟狀骨骨折", "鼻煙窩骨折", "Scaphoid fracture" ], "definition": "腕部舟狀骨斷裂，常見於跌倒撐地。", "clinical": "疼痛減輕不能確認骨折癒合。部分區域血供較差，過早撐地可能影響癒合；須结合影像、壓痛及功能評估，獲醫師許可後漸進負重。", "clarification": "早期X光正常仍可能有骨折。", "symptoms": [ "拇指側腕痛、鼻煙窩壓痛" ], "causes": [ "伸手撐地或腕部直接外傷" ], "diagnostics": [ "查體和X光，疑似隱匿骨折再做影像" ], "treatments": [ "依位置與移位選擇固定或手術" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "漸進復健", "description": "確認癒合後恢復腕力及撐地" } ], "redFlags": [ "手指蒼白、冰冷或麻木加重須急診" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-01", "updatedAt": "2026-10-01", "sources": [ { "title": "Scaphoid fracture", "organization": "AAOS", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/scaphoid-fracture-of-the-wrist/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/scaphoid-fracture/", "relatedTerms": [ "stress-fracture" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "scaphoid-pain-improved-healing", "scaphoid-proximal-pole-blood-supply" ] }, { "slug": "tfcc-injury", "englishName": "Triangular fibrocartilage complex injury", "abbreviation": "TFCC", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "三角纖維軟骨複合體損傷", "aliases": [ "三角纖維軟骨複合體損傷", "TFCC損傷", "TFCC撕裂", "腕關節TFCC損傷", "TFCC" ], "definition": "腕尺側軟骨與韌帶複合體受傷，可影響傳力及遠端橈尺關節穩定。", "clinical": "不一定，退化改變也可見於無症狀者。須結合尺側壓痛、旋轉或撐地疼痛及遠端橈尺關節穩定性，決定保護、復健或進一步檢查。", "clarification": "影像異常須與症狀相互印證。", "symptoms": [ "尺側腕痛、旋轉痛或彈響" ], "causes": [ "跌倒撐地、反覆負荷或退化" ], "diagnostics": [ "檢查穩定性，必要時MRI或關節鏡" ], "treatments": [ "穩定者先保護復健；持續症狀或不穩評估手術" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "漸進復健", "description": "依穩定性及修復方式恢復旋轉和握力" } ], "redFlags": [ "變形或手部血流異常須急診" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-01", "updatedAt": "2026-10-01", "sources": [ { "title": "Triangular fibrocartilage complex injury", "organization": "Cleveland Clinic", "url": "https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21832-triangular-fibrocartilage-complex-tear-tfcc" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/tfcc-injury/", "relatedTerms": [ "articular-cartilage", "arthroscopy" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "tfcc-mri-tear-symptom-correlation", "tfcc-central-peripheral-treatment" ] }, { "slug": "elbow-ulnar-collateral-ligament-injury", "englishName": "Elbow ulnar collateral ligament injury", "abbreviation": "UCL", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "肘尺側副韌帶損傷", "aliases": [ "肘尺側副韌帶損傷", "UCL損傷", "Tommy John韌帶損傷", "肘關節內側副韌帶損傷", "投手肘", "UCL" ], "definition": "抵抗肘外翻、維持內側穩定的韌帶拉傷或撕裂。", "clinical": "不能僅憑休息時無痛判斷。需評估穩定性、活動度、上肢與軀幹力量及投擲耐受，逐步增加距離、次數與強度；疼痛或不穩時退階複評。", "clarification": "投球內側肘痛也可來自其他組織。", "symptoms": [ "投擲內側痛、速度下降或不穩" ], "causes": [ "反覆外翻負荷或急性外傷" ], "diagnostics": [ "病史、穩定性檢查及必要影像" ], "treatments": [ "調整負荷和復健，持續不穩評估修復或重建" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "漸進復健", "description": "依力量、穩定性及投擲耐受分級回歸" } ], "redFlags": [ "持續手麻或無力加重須就診" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-01", "updatedAt": "2026-10-01", "sources": [ { "title": "Elbow ulnar collateral ligament injury", "organization": "AAOS", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/recurrent-and-chronic-elbow-instability/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/elbow-ulnar-collateral-ligament-injury/", "relatedTerms": [ "medial-collateral-ligament-injury" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "elbow-ucl-rehab-before-throwing" ] }, { "slug": "ankle-syndesmosis-injury", "englishName": "Ankle syndesmosis injury", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "下脛腓聯合損傷", "aliases": [ "下脛腓聯合損傷", "高位踝扭傷", "高位踝關節扭傷", "下脛腓韌帶損傷", "Ankle syndesmosis injury" ], "definition": "踝上方連接脛骨與腓骨的韌帶複合體受傷，亦稱高位踝扭傷。", "clinical": "腫脹程度不能可靠反映下脛腓聯合穩定性。踝上方痛、蹬地困難或外旋痛需檢查，必要時影像評估；手術主要依不穩、分離及合併骨折決定。", "clarification": "不能只憑疼痛程度決定手術。", "symptoms": [ "踝上方痛、外旋痛或蹬地困難" ], "causes": [ "足部外旋與背屈負荷" ], "diagnostics": [ "檢查及X光，必要時進一步影像" ], "treatments": [ "穩定者保護復健；不穩者評估固定" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "漸進復健", "description": "依穩定性及功能漸進負重和跑跳" } ], "redFlags": [ "無法負重合併變形或冰冷須急診" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-01", "updatedAt": "2026-10-01", "sources": [ { "title": "Ankle syndesmosis injury", "organization": "Cleveland Clinic", "url": "https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22249-high-ankle-sprains" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/ankle-syndesmosis-injury/", "relatedTerms": [ "ankle-sprain" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "syndesmosis-little-swelling-stability" ] }, { "slug": "spondylolysis", "englishName": "Spondylolysis", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "腰椎峽部裂", "aliases": [ "腰椎峽部裂", "椎弓峽部裂", "椎弓崩裂", "峽部應力性骨折", "Spondylolysis" ], "definition": "椎弓峽部骨性缺損，可與反覆負荷的骨應力損傷相關。", "clinical": "並非人人需要。通常先減少誘發疼痛的後伸與旋轉，並接受指導下復健；支具依症狀、病變階段及治療反應選擇，不能只憑影像決定固定時間。", "clarification": "峽部裂與椎體滑脫是相關但不同的概念。", "symptoms": [ "運動後腰痛，後伸加重" ], "causes": [ "反覆後伸及旋轉" ], "diagnostics": [ "檢查及按需X光、MRI或CT" ], "treatments": [ "減少誘痛負荷與復健，依情況選擇支具或手術" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "漸進復健", "description": "從無痛日常活動漸進至軀幹力量及專項訓練" } ], "redFlags": [ "排便排尿異常、會陰麻木或腿無力加重須急診" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-08", "updatedAt": "2026-10-08", "sources": [ { "title": "Spondylolysis", "organization": "AAOS", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/spondylolysis-and-spondylolisthesis/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/spondylolysis/", "relatedTerms": [ "stress-fracture" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "spondylolysis-brace-individualized" ] }, { "slug": "de-quervain-tenosynovitis", "englishName": "De Quervain's tenosynovitis", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "橈骨莖突狹窄性腱鞘炎", "aliases": [ "橈骨莖突狹窄性腱鞘炎", "狄奎凡氏症", "媽媽手", "拇指狹窄性腱鞘炎", "De Quervain's tenosynovitis" ], "definition": "拇指側腕部第一伸肌腱室內肌腱及腱鞘受刺激、增厚的疼痛性疾病。", "clinical": "不能，過度牽拉也可使正常組織或其他病變疼痛。勿反覆用力自測；由醫師結合位置、病史與檢查，區分腱鞘炎、關節病變及骨折。", "clarification": "拇指側腕痛亦須排除骨折或關節病變。", "symptoms": [ "握持、提物或拇指活動疼痛" ], "causes": [ "重複手腕拇指負荷，產後亦常見" ], "diagnostics": [ "病史與檢查，必要時影像鑑別" ], "treatments": [ "調整活動、拇指支具；按需注射，頑固者評估手術" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "漸進復健", "description": "症狀允許後漸進恢復拇指活動及握力" } ], "redFlags": [ "紅腫伴發燒或外傷後明顯壓痛須就醫" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-08", "updatedAt": "2026-10-08", "sources": [ { "title": "De Quervain's tenosynovitis", "organization": "AAOS", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/de-quervains-tendinosis/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/de-quervain-tenosynovitis/", "relatedTerms": [ "tendinopathy" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "dequervain-self-test-limitations" ] }, { "slug": "cubital-tunnel-syndrome", "englishName": "Cubital tunnel syndrome", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "肘隧道症候群", "aliases": [ "肘管症候群", "尺神經卡壓症候群", "肘部尺神經炎", "尺神經麻痺", "Cubital tunnel syndrome" ], "definition": "尺神經在肘部受壓或刺激造成的感覺與運動障礙。", "clinical": "若與肘部尺神經受壓有關，避免長時間深屈肘及壓肘可能改善症狀，可在指導下使用夜間支具。持續麻木、握力下降或手肌萎縮須就診。", "clarification": "小指麻木未必都源於肘部。", "symptoms": [ "小指與無名指尺側麻木、握力下降" ], "causes": [ "長時間屈肘、壓肘或解剖因素" ], "diagnostics": [ "檢查及按需神經傳導、肌電圖" ], "treatments": [ "減少屈肘壓迫、支具；明顯損害評估減壓" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "漸進復健", "description": "依神經恢復及手部功能調整訓練" } ], "redFlags": [ "手肌萎縮或無力加重應儘快評估" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-08", "updatedAt": "2026-10-08", "sources": [ { "title": "Cubital tunnel syndrome", "organization": "AAOS", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/ulnar-nerve-entrapment-at-the-elbow/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/cubital-tunnel-syndrome/", "relatedTerms": [ "tfcc-injury", "de-quervain-tenosynovitis" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "cubital-tunnel-night-elbow-position", "cubital-tunnel-progressive-weakness" ] }, { "slug": "mortons-neuroma", "englishName": "Morton's neuroma", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "Morton神經瘤", "aliases": [ "莫頓神經瘤", "跖間神經瘤", "莫頓跖骨痛", "前足神經纖維瘤", "Morton's neuroma" ], "definition": "前足趾間神經周圍組織增厚，常位於第三、四趾之間。", "clinical": "寬鞋頭與低鞋跟可減少前足及趾間神經壓力，蹠骨墊也可能有助益，但位置須合適。持續疼痛或麻木須複評，換鞋不能保證免除其他治療。", "clarification": "此名稱通常不代表真正腫瘤。", "symptoms": [ "前足灼痛、趾間麻木或踩石頭感" ], "causes": [ "反覆壓力與神經刺激" ], "diagnostics": [ "查體，必要時影像排除其他原因" ], "treatments": [ "寬鞋頭、蹠骨墊；持續症狀評估注射或手術" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "漸進復健", "description": "減輕前足壓力後漸進步行和跑步" } ], "redFlags": [ "持續感覺下降或新腫塊須就醫" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-08", "updatedAt": "2026-10-08", "sources": [ { "title": "Morton's neuroma", "organization": "AAOS", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/mortons-neuroma/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/mortons-neuroma/", "relatedTerms": [ "plantar-fasciitis" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "morton-neuroma-shoe-width" ] }, { "slug": "tarsal-tunnel-syndrome", "englishName": "Tarsal tunnel syndrome", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "跗管症候群", "aliases": [ "跗管症候群", "踝管症候群", "脛後神經卡壓", "跗管狹窄", "Tarsal tunnel syndrome" ], "definition": "脛神經或分支在踝內側跗管受壓引起的神經症狀。", "clinical": "不能完全排除。須結合足底麻痛分布、踝內側檢查及其他神經病變，必要時以超音波或MRI尋找壓迫原因，避免僅憑單項結果判斷。", "clarification": "足底灼痛麻木亦須排除其他神經病變。", "symptoms": [ "足底灼熱、刺痛或麻木" ], "causes": [ "占位、腫脹或力學因素" ], "diagnostics": [ "神經檢查，按需電生理與影像" ], "treatments": [ "調整負荷與壓迫；持續症狀或占位評估手術" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "漸進復健", "description": "依感覺、肌力及步行耐受漸進活動" } ], "redFlags": [ "足肌無力加重或感覺持續缺失須評估" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-08", "updatedAt": "2026-10-08", "sources": [ { "title": "Tarsal tunnel syndrome", "organization": "Cleveland Clinic", "url": "https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22200-tarsal-tunnel-syndrome" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/tarsal-tunnel-syndrome/", "relatedTerms": [ "plantar-fasciitis", "mortons-neuroma" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "tarsal-tunnel-normal-nerve-test" ] }, { "slug": "chronic-exertional-compartment-syndrome", "englishName": "Chronic exertional compartment syndrome", "abbreviation": "CECS", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "慢性運動性筋膜室症候群", "aliases": [ "慢性運動性筋膜室症候群", "慢性骨筋膜室症候群", "CECS", "勞力性筋膜室症候群", "運動性骨筋膜室症候群" ], "definition": "運動時肌肉筋膜室壓力異常升高相關的反覆疼痛與緊繃。", "clinical": "不能自行沿用原判斷。持續劇痛、緊繃、麻木或無力須立即急診，排除急性筋膜室症候群等急症；足部仍有脈搏也不能排除危險。", "clarification": "急性持續劇痛須按急症評估。", "symptoms": [ "特定運動負荷後脹痛，休息常緩解" ], "causes": [ "肌肉膨脹與筋膜室空間限制相關" ], "diagnostics": [ "運動前後查體，按需測壓並排除骨血管問題" ], "treatments": [ "調整訓練，確診且持續受限者評估筋膜切開" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "漸進復健", "description": "依症狀及治療漸進重建運動耐受" } ], "redFlags": [ "休息仍劇痛、麻木或無力須急診" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-15", "updatedAt": "2026-10-15", "sources": [ { "title": "Chronic exertional compartment syndrome", "organization": "Cleveland Clinic", "url": "https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15315-compartment-syndrome" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/chronic-exertional-compartment-syndrome/", "relatedTerms": [ "stress-fracture" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "exertional-compartment-persistent-pain" ] }, { "slug": "iliotibial-band-syndrome", "englishName": "Iliotibial band syndrome", "abbreviation": "ITBS", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "髂脛束症候群", "aliases": [ "髂脛束症候群", "髂脛束摩擦症候群", "ITBS", "跑步膝", "髂脛束損傷" ], "definition": "與髂脛束周圍組織刺激相關的運動性膝外側痛。", "clinical": "通常不夠。需調整跑量及誘痛坡度，結合髖部力量與動作評估漸進恢復跑步。滾壓可能暫時舒緩，不能取代負荷管理，也勿反覆強壓痛點。", "clarification": "須與半月板等病變鑑別。", "symptoms": [ "跑步膝外側痛、反覆屈伸誘發" ], "causes": [ "重複負荷及跑量變化等因素" ], "diagnostics": [ "壓痛、誘發動作和訓練負荷評估" ], "treatments": [ "調整負荷並訓練髖部力量與動作" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "漸進復健", "description": "從可耐受的平地短程漸增跑量" } ], "redFlags": [ "外傷後卡住、明顯腫脹或無法負重須就醫" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-15", "updatedAt": "2026-10-15", "sources": [ { "title": "Iliotibial band syndrome", "organization": "Cleveland Clinic", "url": "https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21967-iliotibial-band-syndrome" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/iliotibial-band-syndrome/", "relatedTerms": [ "patellofemoral-pain" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "it-band-foam-rolling-alone" ] }, { "slug": "calcific-rotator-cuff-tendinopathy", "englishName": "Calcific rotator cuff tendinopathy", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "肩袖鈣化性肌腱病", "aliases": [ "肩袖鈣化性肌腱病", "鈣化性肩袖肌腱炎", "肩關節鈣化性肌腱炎", "岡上肌鈣化性肌腱炎", "Calcific rotator cuff tendinopathy" ], "definition": "肩袖肌腱內鈣鹽沉積，可無症狀或造成明顯肩痛。", "clinical": "大小與症狀未必一致，吸收期小病灶也可能很痛，無症狀鈣化通常無須處理。治療需結合症狀、活動限制與檢查，不能僅憑大小決定手術。", "clarification": "鈣化影像本身不能決定手術。", "symptoms": [ "肩痛、夜痛或活動受限" ], "causes": [ "鈣鹽沉積及吸收，成因未完全明確" ], "diagnostics": [ "查體、X光或超音波，結合症狀" ], "treatments": [ "先止痛、調整負荷與復健；頑固者評估其他介入" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "漸進復健", "description": "疼痛控制後漸進恢復活動度和力量" } ], "redFlags": [ "紅腫發燒或外傷後突然無力須評估" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-15", "updatedAt": "2026-10-15", "sources": [ { "title": "Calcific rotator cuff tendinopathy", "organization": "Cleveland Clinic", "url": "https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21638-calcific-tendonitis" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/calcific-rotator-cuff-tendinopathy/", "relatedTerms": [ "rotator-cuff", "tendinopathy" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "calcific-tendonitis-deposit-size-pain" ] }, { "slug": "bakers-cyst", "englishName": "Baker's cyst", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "Baker囊腫", "aliases": [ "Baker囊腫", "膕窩囊腫", "貝克囊腫", "膝後囊腫", "Baker's cyst" ], "definition": "膝後滑液積聚形成的囊性腫脹，成人常伴膝內病變。", "clinical": "不能直接認定。囊腫破裂與深靜脈血栓表現相似，需及時就醫，常以超音波鑑別。若合併胸痛、氣促或暈厥，立即呼叫急救，勿按摩或運動。", "clarification": "抽液後復發可能與持續積液有關。", "symptoms": [ "膝後飽脹、屈伸不適或無症狀" ], "causes": [ "關節液增加，常伴關節炎或半月板病變" ], "diagnostics": [ "查體及超音波，按需MRI評估膝內問題" ], "treatments": [ "觀察或處理原發問題，按需抽吸等治療" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "漸進復健", "description": "依症狀恢復活動度和力量" } ], "redFlags": [ "小腿突然腫痛須排除血栓" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-15", "updatedAt": "2026-10-15", "sources": [ { "title": "Baker's cyst", "organization": "AAOS", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/bakers-cyst-popliteal-cyst/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/bakers-cyst/", "relatedTerms": [ "meniscus", "articular-cartilage" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "baker-cyst-rupture-dvt-differential" ] }, { "slug": "sport-related-concussion", "englishName": "Sport-related concussion", "abbreviation": "SRC", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "運動性腦震盪", "aliases": [ "運動性腦震盪", "SRC", "運動腦震盪", "輕型顱腦損傷", "腦震盪" ], "definition": "運動時頭部或身體受力傳至腦部造成的創傷性腦功能障礙。", "clinical": "通常不建議長期完全休息。最初24—48小時相對休息後，可按症狀耐受漸進恢復日常活動及輕度有氧運動；避免碰撞與跌倒，接觸運動須分階段評估。", "clarification": "無昏迷或常規影像正常也不能排除。", "symptoms": [ "頭痛、暈眩、注意力或平衡異常" ], "causes": [ "頭頸或身體撞擊的加減速力量" ], "diagnostics": [ "多面向臨床評估，影像排除嚴重損傷" ], "treatments": [ "立即離場評估，相對休息後漸進活動" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "漸進復健", "description": "依症狀恢復學習與運動，接觸運動須醫療許可" } ], "redFlags": [ "頭痛加劇、反覆嘔吐、抽搐或意識變化須急診" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-15", "updatedAt": "2026-10-15", "sources": [ { "title": "Sport-related concussion", "organization": "BJSM", "url": "https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/57/11/695" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/sport-related-concussion/", "relatedTerms": [ "proprioception" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "concussion-relative-rest-light-activity", "concussion-school-before-contact-sport" ] }, { "slug": "slap-lesion", "englishName": "Superior labral anterior-to-posterior lesion", "abbreviation": "SLAP", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "SLAP損傷", "aliases": [ "上盂唇前後向損傷", "上盂唇撕裂", "Superior labral anterior-to-posterior lesion", "SLAP" ], "definition": "肩關節上盂唇在二頭肌長頭腱附著處受傷，可前後延伸；分型包括毛糙、剝離及不穩定撕裂。", "clinical": "須綜合外傷、投擲負荷、年齡及肩袖問題。通常先管理負荷、恢復活動並訓練肩胛肩袖；持續功能受限才討論清創、盂唇修復或二頭肌固定。", "clarification": "影像撕裂未必是痛源；試驗不支持僅憑孤立Ⅱ型影像常規手術，也不能否定所有運動員的手術價值。", "symptoms": [ "過頂活動深部肩痛及表現下降", "彈響、卡住或牽拉痛，並無特異性" ], "causes": [ "跌倒撐地或突然拉扯", "重複投擲及年齡退化" ], "diagnostics": [ "活動度、肩袖力量與肩胛評估，單一試驗不能確診", "按需MRI或MR關節攝影，與臨床對照" ], "treatments": [ "減少誘痛動作、漸進訓練和適當止痛", "保守無效依盂唇穩定、二頭肌與運動需求選術式" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "早期", "description": "控制症狀；術後保護盂唇及二頭肌附著" }, { "phase": "進階", "description": "恢復活動度及肩胛肩袖耐力，抗阻屈肘依術式" }, { "phase": "回歸", "description": "以力量、控制及漸進投擲耐受決定" } ], "redFlags": [ "肩變形、手臂冰冷或持續麻木須急診", "突發明顯無力或活動受限須複診" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-20", "updatedAt": "2026-10-20", "sources": [ { "title": "SLAP Tears in the Shoulder", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/slap-tears/" }, { "title": "Sham surgery versus labral repair or biceps tenodesis for type II SLAP lesions: randomised trial (2017)", "organization": "British Journal of Sports Medicine", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-097098" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/slap-lesion/", "relatedTerms": [ "glenoid-labrum", "proximal-biceps-tendon-tear" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "slap-imaging-surgery-decision" ] }, { "slug": "acromioclavicular-joint-separation", "englishName": "Acromioclavicular joint separation", "abbreviation": "AC", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "肩鎖關節脫位", "aliases": [ "肩鎖關節分離", "肩鎖韌帶損傷", "Acromioclavicular joint separation", "AC" ], "definition": "鎖骨遠端與肩峰間關節因韌帶受傷失穩，較重者合併喙鎖韌帶斷裂，與肱骨頭脫位不同。", "clinical": "評估垂直水平不穩、皮膚及肩胛功能。低級別多保守，Ⅲ型常先復健；嚴重移位或持續障礙才個別評估，不能只看突出。", "clarification": "影像更整齊未必功能更佳；Ⅲ型比較亦須考慮併發症與恢復。", "symptoms": [ "肩頂痛腫及鎖骨端突出", "橫抱、背包或撐地痛" ], "causes": [ "直接撞肩跌倒", "碰撞使肩鎖喙鎖結構受力" ], "diagnostics": [ "查體及雙側X光看移位方向", "按需影像排除骨折等" ], "treatments": [ "短期吊帶、止痛及漸進活動", "高級別或持續症狀不穩按需求討論手術" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "保護", "description": "減痛、保留肘腕活動並避免壓肩" }, { "phase": "恢復", "description": "肩活動度及肩胛肩袖力量" }, { "phase": "返場", "description": "症狀、力量、控制與碰撞耐受評估" } ], "redFlags": [ "皮膚頂緊、開放傷或神經血管異常須急診", "持續肩胛失控或功能下降須複評" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-20", "updatedAt": "2026-10-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Shoulder Separation", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/shoulder-separation/" }, { "title": "Surgical Versus Nonsurgical Treatment for Acute Rockwood Type 3 Acromioclavicular Injury: Randomized Trial (2023)", "organization": "Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10467399/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/acromioclavicular-joint-separation/", "relatedTerms": [ "shoulder-dislocation", "rotator-cuff" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "ac-joint-type-three-rehab-first" ] }, { "slug": "distal-biceps-tendon-rupture", "englishName": "Distal biceps tendon rupture", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "肱二頭肌遠端肌腱斷裂", "aliases": [ "遠端二頭肌腱撕裂", "肘部二頭肌腱斷裂", "Distal biceps tendon rupture" ], "definition": "連接橈骨粗隆的遠端肌腱部分或完全斷裂，影響旋後及屈肘力量。", "clinical": "完全斷裂通常無法自行回附原止點。高需求者常考慮修復，低需求或手術風險高者可接受力量損失選保守。及時評估有助保留直接修復機會。", "clarification": "能彎肘或疼痛減輕均不能排除完全斷裂；近端與遠端斷裂處理不同。", "symptoms": [ "肘前彈響、瘀青、腫脹或肌腹上移", "旋後無力及提物耐力下降" ], "causes": [ "抗阻屈肘時被突然拉直", "吸菸或部分藥物暴露增加風險" ], "diagnostics": [ "檢查連續性、Hook試驗及旋後力量", "不明確時超音波或MRI，X光排除骨傷" ], "treatments": [ "功能保留的部分損傷可保護復健", "完全撕裂依需求修復，溝通神經損傷及僵硬風險" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "保護", "description": "依固定使用支具，避免抗阻屈肘旋後" }, { "phase": "恢復", "description": "按許可漸增活動再加強力量" }, { "phase": "回歸", "description": "力量耐力及工作運動負荷評估，常需數月" } ], "redFlags": [ "明顯旋後無力須儘快就診", "手冰冷蒼白或麻木加重須急診" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-20", "updatedAt": "2026-10-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Biceps Tendon Tear at the Elbow", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/biceps-tendon-tear-at-the-elbow/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/distal-biceps-tendon-rupture/", "relatedTerms": [ "proximal-biceps-tendon-tear", "cubital-tunnel-syndrome" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "distal-biceps-preserved-flexion", "distal-biceps-repair-resisted-curls" ] }, { "slug": "distal-triceps-tendon-rupture", "englishName": "Distal triceps tendon rupture", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "肱三頭肌遠端肌腱斷裂", "aliases": [ "三頭肌腱撕裂", "伸肘肌腱斷裂", "Distal triceps tendon rupture" ], "definition": "連接三頭肌與尺骨鷹嘴的肌腱部分或完全斷裂，影響伸肘與推撐。", "clinical": "以伸肘功能與程度決策。功能保留的部分撕裂可支具復健，完全或明顯無力常討論修復；全身疾病、藥物及組織品質亦影響方案。", "clarification": "仍能伸肘未必完整，殘留纖維可保留部分功能；勿用伏地挺身自測。", "symptoms": [ "肘後痛腫及瘀青", "伸肘無力、推門或起身困難" ], "causes": [ "跌倒撐地或強離心負荷", "直接打擊、退化或全身疾病" ], "diagnostics": [ "查肌腱缺損及抗重力伸肘", "X光找撕脫骨片，按需超音波或MRI" ], "treatments": [ "保護止痛並限制誘發負荷", "依功能與範圍選修復，溝通再斷及僵硬" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "保護", "description": "支具及屈曲角度依術式，避免抗阻伸肘" }, { "phase": "恢復", "description": "受控活動後漸進力量" }, { "phase": "回歸", "description": "評估伸肘與推撐耐受再回專項" } ], "redFlags": [ "突失主動伸肘須儘快評估", "開放傷、冰冷或麻木加重須急診" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-20", "updatedAt": "2026-10-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Triceps Tendon Tear at the Elbow", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/triceps-tendon-tear-at-the-elbow/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/distal-triceps-tendon-rupture/", "relatedTerms": [ "distal-biceps-tendon-rupture", "tendinopathy" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "triceps-partial-tear-pushup-risk" ] }, { "slug": "mallet-finger", "englishName": "Mallet finger", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "槌狀指", "aliases": [ "棒球指", "末節伸肌腱損傷", "Mallet finger" ], "definition": "末節伸肌腱止點斷裂或骨性撕脫，使遠端指間關節不能主動完全伸直。", "clinical": "閉合且對位穩定者多可持續伸直支具治療，常需6—8週或更久，再按醫囑減用。移位骨片、半脫位、開放傷或保守失敗須手外科評估。", "clarification": "支具需正確持續佩戴，短暫屈曲可能影響癒合；少量殘餘下垂未必影響功能。", "symptoms": [ "指尖下垂、可被動扶直", "背側腫痛或瘀青" ], "causes": [ "球撞使伸直指尖被迫彎曲", "突然屈曲或割傷" ], "diagnostics": [ "查主動被動伸直及皮膚", "X光看骨片、移位和對位" ], "treatments": [ "支具固定末節並保留其他關節活動", "清潔托住指尖，避免過伸勒壓及浸潤" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "固定", "description": "保持醫囑位置，檢查皮膚支具" }, { "phase": "活動", "description": "穩定後輕柔屈伸，按需夜間保護" }, { "phase": "返場", "description": "依癒合功能及碰撞風險安排保護" } ], "redFlags": [ "開放傷、甲床傷或冰冷蒼白須處理", "下垂加劇、壓傷或近端過伸須複診" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-20", "updatedAt": "2026-10-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Mallet Finger (Baseball Finger)", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/mallet-finger-baseball-finger/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/mallet-finger/", "relatedTerms": [ "jersey-finger", "thumb-ulnar-collateral-ligament-injury" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "mallet-finger-splint-hygiene", "mallet-finger-residual-lag-function" ] }, { "slug": "jersey-finger", "englishName": "Jersey finger", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "球衣指", "aliases": [ "指深屈肌腱止點撕脫", "澤西指", "Jersey finger" ], "definition": "深屈肌腱從末節止點撕脫，可伴骨片，使遠端指間關節無法主動屈曲。", "clinical": "常於抓球衣時被迫拉直，無名指常見。須儘快手外科評估回縮、血供及骨片以決定修復；急性高需求傷常考慮手術。", "clarification": "其他關節能彎或X光正常均不能排除；拖延可致回縮沾黏，使重建更複雜。", "symptoms": [ "末節不能主動彎及握力弱", "掌側痛腫或回縮肌腱可觸及" ], "causes": [ "抓握時被強行伸直", "強力牽扯" ], "diagnostics": [ "固定中節後檢查末節屈曲", "X光找骨片，按需超音波或MRI查回縮" ], "treatments": [ "保護、停強力抓握並及時轉診", "按型別修復肌腱或骨片，不手術者討論代償" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "保護", "description": "術後保護支具按方案" }, { "phase": "滑動", "description": "手治療師指導，平衡沾黏與再斷" }, { "phase": "力量", "description": "許可後漸進握力，重負荷常需數月評估" } ], "redFlags": [ "新發末節不能彎須儘快專科", "開放傷、蒼白冰冷或感覺異常須急診" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-24", "updatedAt": "2026-10-24", "sources": [ { "title": "Jersey Finger", "organization": "American Society for Surgery of the Hand (ASSH)", "url": "https://assh.my.site.com/handcare/condition/jersey-finger" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/jersey-finger/", "relatedTerms": [ "mallet-finger", "tendinopathy" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "jersey-finger-normal-xray" ] }, { "slug": "thumb-ulnar-collateral-ligament-injury", "englishName": "Thumb ulnar collateral ligament injury", "abbreviation": "UCL", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "拇指尺側副韌帶損傷", "aliases": [ "滑雪拇", "獵場看守人拇指", "Thumb ulnar collateral ligament injury", "UCL" ], "definition": "拇指掌指關節尺側韌帶拉傷或斷裂，影響捏握；完全移位可形成Stener損傷。", "clinical": "依穩定、骨片及腱膜阻隔決策。穩定部分傷多支具保護；不穩、Stener或不穩骨片須討論修復。", "clarification": "球類和跌倒也可致傷；勿自行反覆側掰測試。", "symptoms": [ "尺側根部痛腫瘀青", "捏握無力或不穩" ], "causes": [ "拇指強迫外展", "滑雪杖拉扯、跌倒或球撞" ], "diagnostics": [ "醫師評估應力穩定及骨壓痛", "X光、按需超音波或MRI查移位" ], "treatments": [ "部分穩定傷支具及活動調整", "完整不穩傷依組織與傷齡修復或重建" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "保護", "description": "限制側向負荷並照顧皮膚" }, { "phase": "活動", "description": "複評後恢復活動與捏握" }, { "phase": "回歸", "description": "穩定、力量及專項控制達標" } ], "redFlags": [ "畸形、傷口或指端冰冷須急診", "持續捏力弱或不穩須專科" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-24", "updatedAt": "2026-10-24", "sources": [ { "title": "Sprained Thumb", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/sprained-thumb/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/thumb-ulnar-collateral-ligament-injury/", "relatedTerms": [ "mallet-finger", "jersey-finger" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "thumb-ucl-stener-lesion" ] }, { "slug": "peroneal-tendon-instability", "englishName": "Peroneal tendon instability", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "腓骨肌腱不穩定", "aliases": [ "腓骨肌腱半脫位", "腓骨肌腱脫位", "Peroneal tendon instability" ], "definition": "腓骨長短肌腱在外踝後溝異常滑動或越過腓骨，常涉及上腓骨肌支持帶。", "clinical": "分急性、反覆脫位及鞘內不穩，需查肌腱與韌帶合併傷。部分非運動員急性傷可固定並說明復發；運動員或慢性症狀者常討論手術。", "clarification": "靜態MRI不能完全排除動態跳脫；無痛聲響不等於症狀性不穩。", "symptoms": [ "外踝後彈跳痛腫", "變向不穩及外翻無力" ], "causes": [ "背屈外翻時強收縮", "支持帶傷、骨溝形態及局部擁擠" ], "diagnostics": [ "查體及動態超音波", "MRI看軟組織，X光排除骨折" ], "treatments": [ "選擇性固定及力量平衡訓練", "反覆者修復支持帶、處理肌腱和骨溝" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "保護", "description": "避免跳脫動作，依方案負重" }, { "phase": "恢復", "description": "許可後活動、力量與平衡" }, { "phase": "返場", "description": "漸進跑跳變向且無反覆跳脫" } ], "redFlags": [ "持續跳脫須儘快評估", "冰冷麻木、變形或無法負重須就醫" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-24", "updatedAt": "2026-10-24", "sources": [ { "title": "Peroneal Tendon Injuries", "organization": "American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (ACFAS)", "url": "https://www.foothealthfacts.org/conditions/peroneal-tendon-injuries" }, { "title": "The ESSKA-AFAS international consensus statement on peroneal tendon pathologies (2018)", "organization": "ESSKA-AFAS / Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6154028/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/peroneal-tendon-instability/", "relatedTerms": [ "ankle-sprain", "ankle-syndesmosis-injury" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "peroneal-subluxation-dynamic-ultrasound" ] }, { "slug": "osteochondral-lesion-of-talus", "englishName": "Osteochondral lesion of the talus", "abbreviation": "OLT", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "距骨骨軟骨損傷", "aliases": [ "距骨穹隆損傷", "距骨骨軟骨缺損", "Osteochondral lesion of the talus", "OLT" ], "definition": "距骨關節面軟骨及下方骨的局灶損傷，可伴骨塊、囊腫與骨髓水腫。", "clinical": "看症狀、深度、穩定性，也評估踝不穩及力線。穩定輕症可減負荷、支具復健；移位游離塊、交鎖或保守無效評估手術。", "clarification": "面積不能單獨決定術式；技術各有適用條件及證據限制，修復仍可殘痛或退化。", "symptoms": [ "深部負重痛、反覆腫脹", "卡住或運動後不適" ], "causes": [ "扭傷或骨折", "重複微傷，部分不明原因" ], "diagnostics": [ "查穩定、力線及活動，X光可漏診", "MRI看軟骨骨髓，CT規劃骨與囊腫" ], "treatments": [ "保護負重及力量平衡訓練", "依骨塊深度及軟骨面選固定、骨髓刺激或移植" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "減負", "description": "依症狀與術式保護關節面" }, { "phase": "恢復", "description": "活動力量漸進，負重依修復" }, { "phase": "運動", "description": "評估腫脹、力量及衝擊耐受後跑跳" } ], "redFlags": [ "突然交鎖、無法負重或持續惡化須就診", "發燒紅腫或神經血管異常須急診" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-24", "updatedAt": "2026-10-24", "sources": [ { "title": "Talar Dome Lesion", "organization": "American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (ACFAS)", "url": "https://www.foothealthfacts.org/conditions/talar-dome-lesion" }, { "title": "Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus: Diagnosis and Conservative Management, 2023 Recommendations", "organization": "DGOU / Cartilage", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10601568/" }, { "title": "Operative management of osteochondral lesions of the talus: 2024 recommendations", "organization": "DGOU / EFORT Open Reviews", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10958247/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/osteochondral-lesion-of-talus/", "relatedTerms": [ "articular-cartilage", "ankle-sprain", "arthroscopy" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "talar-lesion-size-not-only-factor" ] }, { "slug": "jones-fracture", "englishName": "Jones fracture", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "Jones骨折", "aliases": [ "第五蹠骨第二區骨折", "瓊斯骨折", "Jones fracture" ], "definition": "第五蹠骨近端幹骺交界骨折，常達第四五蹠骨間關節，須與基底撕脫區分。", "clinical": "血供使延遲癒合及不癒合風險增加。依急慢性、移位及需求選固定限制負重或內固定；競技者及不癒合者常討論手術，仍須保護癒合。", "clarification": "不是所有近端骨折都屬Jones；螺釘或無痛不能保證可跑跳。", "symptoms": [ "足外側壓痛腫脹或瘀青", "負重痛，部分先有應力痛" ], "causes": [ "內收扭轉或外側負荷", "重複跑跳及力學因素" ], "diagnostics": [ "X光看分區移位硬化", "應力傷按需MRI，CT可評估癒合" ], "treatments": [ "石膏靴保護、限制負重及複查", "依風險螺釘固定，延遲癒合評估骨健康及植骨" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "保護", "description": "依穩定性限制負重和衝擊" }, { "phase": "恢復", "description": "癒合允許後步態、力量和平衡" }, { "phase": "跑跳", "description": "影像、壓痛及負荷反應決定，注意再骨折" } ], "redFlags": [ "變形、傷口或冰冷麻木須急診", "原處再痛暫停衝擊並複診" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-24", "updatedAt": "2026-10-24", "sources": [ { "title": "Jones Fracture", "organization": "American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS)", "url": "https://www.footcaremd.org/foot-and-ankle-conditions/midfoot/jones-fracture" }, { "title": "Fractures of the Fifth Metatarsal", "organization": "American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (ACFAS)", "url": "https://www.foothealthfacts.org/conditions/fractures-of-the-fifth-metatarsal" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/jones-fracture/", "relatedTerms": [ "stress-fracture", "lisfranc-injury" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "fifth-metatarsal-avulsion-versus-jones", "jones-fracture-painfree-not-union" ] }, { "slug": "accessory-navicular-syndrome", "englishName": "Accessory navicular syndrome", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "副舟骨症候群", "aliases": [ "疼痛性副舟骨", "症狀性副舟骨", "Accessory navicular syndrome" ], "definition": "足內側附加骨、連接部或脛後肌腱附近疼痛，屬有症狀的解剖變異。", "clinical": "多數無症狀不需預防切除。有痛須確認壓痛、足弓及肌腱；先減摩擦負荷，部分短期靴固定，頑固者再討論切除與肌腱處理。", "clarification": "低足弓不自動需要手術；影像有副舟骨也未必是全部痛源。", "symptoms": [ "內側骨突壓痛紅腫或鞋摩擦痛", "運動後酸痛，可能低足弓" ], "causes": [ "鞋壓、過量負荷或扭傷", "連接部及脛後肌腱刺激" ], "diagnostics": [ "站立足弓、步態、提踵與肌腱功能", "X光，持續不明症狀按需MRI" ], "treatments": [ "減負荷、鞋具足弓支撐及選擇性固定", "保守無效且生活受限討論手術，亦評估力線" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "緩解", "description": "減摩擦跑跳並保留無痛活動" }, { "phase": "重建", "description": "足踝力量、提踵與平衡" }, { "phase": "回歸", "description": "步行單腿耐受後進階，術後保護肌腱" } ], "redFlags": [ "扭傷後無法負重或劇烈骨痛排除骨折", "紅腫發燒或感覺血流異常須就醫" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-28", "updatedAt": "2026-10-28", "sources": [ { "title": "Accessory Navicular Syndrome", "organization": "American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (ACFAS)", "url": "https://www.foothealthfacts.org/conditions/accessory-navicular-syndrome-(1)" }, { "title": "Accessory navicular", "organization": "The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids)", "url": "https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/accessory-navicular" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/accessory-navicular-syndrome/", "relatedTerms": [ "plantar-fasciitis", "tarsal-coalition" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "accessory-navicular-asymptomatic" ] }, { "slug": "tarsal-coalition", "englishName": "Tarsal coalition", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "跗骨聯合", "aliases": [ "跗骨融合", "先天性跗骨連接", "Tarsal coalition" ], "definition": "跗骨間異常骨、軟骨或纖維連接，常位於跟舟或距跟骨，限制後足活動。", "clinical": "可無症狀，青春期骨化後也可痛僵。無症狀觀察，疼痛先調整活動、鞋墊或固定；持續者依範圍、退化和力線選切除或融合。", "clarification": "僵硬平足與柔軟平足不同；強行拉伸不能消除連接，手術須配合解剖。", "symptoms": [ "深部足踝痛及內外翻受限", "僵硬平足、疲勞或反覆扭傷" ], "causes": [ "胚胎骨分離異常", "生長、負荷或外傷誘發症狀" ], "diagnostics": [ "足弓、踮腳、距下活動", "X光初評，CT看骨性範圍，MRI看非骨性" ], "treatments": [ "無症狀不治療，疼痛減負荷支撐固定", "保守無效評估切除，嚴重退化可融合" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "舒緩", "description": "減少誘痛並保留耐受活動" }, { "phase": "復健", "description": "解除固定後練力量平衡，勿強拉結構限制" }, { "phase": "回歸", "description": "依步行功能與專項耐受，術後負重按方案" } ], "redFlags": [ "突然無法負重或外傷腫脹排除骨折", "惡化、發燒或麻木須複評" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-28", "updatedAt": "2026-10-28", "sources": [ { "title": "Tarsal Coalition", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/tarsal-coalition/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/tarsal-coalition/", "relatedTerms": [ "accessory-navicular-syndrome", "ankle-sprain" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "tarsal-coalition-rigid-flatfoot" ] }, { "slug": "hallux-rigidus", "englishName": "Hallux rigidus", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "拇趾僵硬", "aliases": [ "拇僵硬", "第一蹠趾關節骨關節炎", "Hallux rigidus" ], "definition": "第一蹠趾關節軟骨退化、骨贅與活動受限，拇趾背伸及蹬地常痛。", "clinical": "依症狀、活動及影像評估。寬鞋頭、硬底或搖椅底、鞋墊及止痛可減負荷；早期背側撞擊可考慮骨贅切除，重度關節炎可討論融合。", "clarification": "融合可止痛但失去該關節活動；置換亦有植入物及翻修風險，須個別選擇。", "symptoms": [ "蹬地上坡深蹲痛僵", "背側骨突磨鞋及活動下降" ], "causes": [ "退化或既往外傷", "解剖、力學及家族因素" ], "diagnostics": [ "評估疼痛角度與活動", "站立X光看間隙骨贅，急紅熱鑑別痛風感染" ], "treatments": [ "改鞋、調整負荷與適當止痛", "依磨損需求選保關節或融合" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "非手術", "description": "低刺激運動及鄰近力量" }, { "phase": "術後", "description": "切骨贅與融合時程不同，依癒合負重" }, { "phase": "回歸", "description": "步態推蹬及耐力後評估跑步競技" } ], "redFlags": [ "突然紅熱腫痛發燒須就醫", "傷口滲液、冰冷或感覺異常須評估" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-28", "updatedAt": "2026-10-28", "sources": [ { "title": "Hallux Rigidus (Stiff Big Toe)", "organization": "American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)", "url": "https://www.orthoinfo.org/diseases--conditions/stiff-big-toe-hallux-rigidus/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/hallux-rigidus/", "relatedTerms": [ "articular-cartilage", "jones-fracture" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "hallux-rigidus-fusion-sport" ] }, { "slug": "meniscal-root-tear", "englishName": "Meniscal root tear", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "半月板根部撕裂", "aliases": [ "半月板後根損傷", "半月板根部撕脫", "Meniscal root tear" ], "definition": "骨性附著根部撕脫或鄰近徑向撕裂，破壞環向張力，可使半月板外突及接觸壓力增大。", "clinical": "內側後根多有退化背景，外側可伴ACL傷。依症狀、軟骨、關節炎、力線及復健配合決策；條件好可修復，明顯內翻或晚期退化須其他方案。", "clarification": "年齡或MRI不能單獨決策，修復不能保證阻止關節炎；無症狀者處理仍有爭議。", "symptoms": [ "內側後方負重或下蹲痛", "彈響、積液或功能下降，可不典型" ], "causes": [ "深屈膝負荷與退化", "扭轉外傷或合併交叉韌帶傷" ], "diagnostics": [ "MRI看根部外突軟骨並結合查體", "站立X光看磨損，按需全長片看力線" ], "treatments": [ "部分可調整負荷、練力量與止痛", "根部固定、內翻截骨或晚期其他方案依情況" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "保護", "description": "修復後限制負重深屈膝" }, { "phase": "恢復", "description": "步態活動及股四頭肌控制" }, { "phase": "運動", "description": "綜合癒合積液肌力功能，勿只看週數" } ], "redFlags": [ "交鎖、不能負重或劇烈惡化須就醫", "術後發燒滲液或小腿突然腫痛須評估" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-28", "updatedAt": "2026-10-28", "sources": [ { "title": "International Delphi Consensus on Medial Meniscal Root Tears (2025)", "organization": "Arthroscopy", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2025.06.028" }, { "title": "Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Lateral Meniscal Lesions (2022)", "organization": "Chinese Society of Sports Medicine / Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9747892/" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/meniscal-root-tear/", "relatedTerms": [ "meniscus", "articular-cartilage", "anterior-cruciate-ligament" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "meniscus-root-repair-cartilage-alignment", "meniscus-root-repair-deep-squat" ] }, { "slug": "relative-energy-deficiency-in-sport", "englishName": "Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport", "abbreviation": "REDs", "category": "condition", "categoryLabel": "損傷與疾病", "name": "運動員相對能量不足症候群", "aliases": [ "運動相對能量缺乏", "RED-S", "Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport", "REDs" ], "definition": "長期或嚴重低能量可用性引起多系統健康及表現受損，影響骨骼、生殖、代謝、免疫及心理，任何性別體型均可能發生。", "clinical": "扣除運動消耗後生理所需能量不足。需醫師、運動營養師與按需心理團隊評估，改善供能及訓練，排除其他病因；體重或單次檢查不能確診。", "clarification": "正常體重或暫時好成績不能排除；藥物出血不能證明自然月經和能量恢復。", "symptoms": [ "疲勞、恢復慢、反覆傷病及表現下降", "骨應力傷、月經異常、性慾降低或飲食情緒困擾" ], "causes": [ "攝取未配合訓練，可能非刻意", "限制飲食、體重壓力或進食障礙" ], "diagnostics": [ "飲食訓練史、生殖功能、查體與按需血檢", "風險導向骨密度與骨傷評估，CAT2由專業人員使用" ], "treatments": [ "個別化增加供能、調整訓練及矯正缺乏", "高風險或進食障礙多專業治療，按需停訓" ], "rehabPhases": [ { "phase": "穩定", "description": "先處理醫療風險，建立足夠規律飲食" }, { "phase": "恢復", "description": "追蹤症狀、內分泌及骨骼，速度可不同" }, { "phase": "返賽", "description": "依風險及療效漸增訓練，勿只看體重" } ], "redFlags": [ "暈厥胸痛、明顯虛弱或嚴重營養不良須急評", "自傷風險或無法進食飲水應立即求助" ], "publishedAt": "2026-10-28", "updatedAt": "2026-10-28", "sources": [ { "title": "2023 IOC consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs)", "organization": "International Olympic Committee / British Journal of Sports Medicine", "url": "https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/57/17/1073" }, { "title": "Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea: Clinical Practice Guideline (2017)", "organization": "Endocrine Society", "url": "https://www.endocrine.org/clinical-practice-guidelines/hypothalamic-amenorrhea" } ], "url": "https://chenjiwumd.com/zh-tw/sports-medicine-dictionary/relative-energy-deficiency-in-sport/", "relatedTerms": [ "stress-fracture", "tendinopathy" ], "relatedQuestions": [ "reds-normal-weight-male-athlete", "reds-contraceptive-withdrawal-bleed" ] } ] }